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costs Flashcards

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1
Q

Discordant coast

A

strata are at right angles to the coast

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2
Q

Concordant coast

A

strata are parallels to the coastline

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3
Q

Discordant coast (how it happens)

A

1) Resistant sandstone and softer limestone’s are found alternately along the coast.
2) waves erode and create bays

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4
Q

Concordant coast (how it happens)

A

1) resistant stone runs across coast
2) create a gap through the stone exposing softer rock
3) A cove is created and widens
4) it reaches stronger rocks and stops forming a cliff

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5
Q

Joints

A

small vertical cracks

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6
Q

Faults

A

larger cracks caused by past tectonic movement

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7
Q

weakness in rock structure (the process)

A

1) Large crack open by hydraulic action
2) grows into a cave by abrasion
3) cave gets larger
4) cave breaks and forms a natural arch
5) arch is eroded and collapses this leaves a rock stack and this is eroded to a stump

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8
Q

hydralic action

A

water is forced between cracks in the rock.This compresses with air. When the wave retreats the compressed air escapes and forces rock apart

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9
Q

abrasion

A

sediments are thrown against the cliff by waves

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10
Q

attrition

A

losse sediment is swirled around by waves and eventually gets worn down

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11
Q

Waves(properties of wave type)

A

wind strength, how long it blows, the length of water it blows over(fetch)

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12
Q

How waves are created

A

1) wind tugs at the surface of the water
2) each water particle moves in a circular motion and returns to its starting point
3) in shallows it is distorted in till it breaks
4) energy and water move forward
5) water then rushes up the beach(swash)
6) then drains backwards(backwash)

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13
Q

summer waves(constructive)

A

long wavelength, low amplutudes, strong swash, backwash is slow so sand is deposited, forms a bank,

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14
Q

winter wave(destructive waves)

A

large amplutude, short wavelength, strong backwash, backwash flows under next wave and forms a rip tide, sand is carried away and dumped further out

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15
Q

longshore drift

A

waves break at an angle to the beach and carrie the sediment along.

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16
Q

sand dunes

A

strong offshore winds blow sand inland

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17
Q

bar of sand and lagoons

A

1) small bays that have been blocked by sand that grows across the mouth
2) behind the bar a lagoon forms.

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18
Q

spit

A

1) when it reaches a river estuary it gets pushed into the river channel
2) river flow stops the sand depositing it to create a spit
3) the spit stops growing when sand deposited is balanced by erosion

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19
Q

what happens once a spit is created

A

1) each tide erodes the spit and causes it to curve on itself.
2) many spits have recurved ends
3) This creates salt mashes

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20
Q

plants on deposition land forms

A

long roots, tough waxy leaves

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21
Q

Human activities(housing)

A

offer cheap houses. Resorts such as Blackpool offer retirement

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22
Q

Human activities(office development)

A

Brighton and Bournemouth popular with universities and companies

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23
Q

Human activities(agriculture)

A

1) Kent coast farmland has risen in price

2) climate change and rising sea level threatens flooding

24
Q

Human activities(industry)

A

solvent(Southampton) and Severn(Bristol) important oil locations

25
Q

Flood risks(spring tide)

A

highest tide

26
Q

Flood risks(low pressure and storm surge)

A

air pressure falls storm surge happens

During storm surge sea level rises by 10mm for every 1 millibar.

27
Q

Flood risks(global warming)

A

Make hurricanes powerful and ice sheets meting rise the waters.

28
Q

cliff foot erosion

A

base of cliff eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion

29
Q

sub Arial erosion

A

weathering, heavy rain saturates the rock, water flows through adding to the wight.

30
Q

Falling into the sea(human actions)

A

Building on cliff adds a load

31
Q

Christchurch bay(falling into the sea)

A

cliff erode by 2 meters a year

mass movement caused by weathering and cliff foot eroson

32
Q

Christchurch bay(impacts of erosion)

A

House owners lose their homes
Rapid cliff collapses
infrastructure destroyed
unattractive

33
Q

Hard engineering(sea wall)dis&ads

A

suffers from wave scour

reflects waves out

34
Q

Hard engineering(gabions)dis&ads

A

not very strong

cheap, absorbs wave energy

35
Q

Hard engineering(rock Armour)dis&ads

A

more expensive

easy to build, dissipates wave energy

36
Q

Hard engineering(Groynes)dis&ads

A

may increase erosion down drift

prevents long shore drift, dissipates wave energy

37
Q

Hard engineering(groynes)costs

A

£2000 per metre

38
Q

Hard engineering(rock armour)costs

A

£1000 per metre

39
Q

Hard engineering(gabions)costs

A

£100 per metre

40
Q

Hard engineering(sea wall)costs

A

£2000 per metre

41
Q

Stakeholders(residents and business owners)

A

hold a line approach

hard engineering

42
Q

Stakeholders(local politians)

A

support all local people

want effective defenses but cheap

43
Q

Stakeholders(local people inland)

A

local taxes will rise

44
Q

Stakeholders(environmentalists)

A

ecosystem will be affected

45
Q

Stakeholders(residents downdrift)

A

reduce their beach size and want an integrated approch

46
Q

Stakeholders(fishermen)

A

access to the sea

47
Q

groyne syndrome

A

1) Groynes trap sand from long shore drift but stops it reaching other place.
1) Groynes starve places of sand making them exposed for erosion

48
Q

holistic managment

A

looking at the coast line as a whole instead of one palce

49
Q

defenses(why the areas not worth it)

A

value of land, might cause erosion else where, rising sea levels

50
Q

defenses(takes into account)

A

needs of stakeholders, economic costs, environment

51
Q

hold the line

A

use sea defenses

52
Q

advance the line

A

use sea defenses to move the sea backwards

53
Q

strategic realignment

A

gradually move people backwards

54
Q

soft engineering(vegetation)

A

make the cliff more stable

£20

55
Q

soft engineering(beach nourishment)

A

sand is pumped into it to create big beach

£500 per metre

56
Q

soft engineering(offshore breakwaters)

A

built using rip rap and force waves to break early

£2000 per meter

Geography (12 decks)

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