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Athletic Injury Assessment > Risk Management > Flashcards

Risk Management Flashcards

1
Q

Three Goals for the Prevention Action Plan

A
  1. Good coaches carefully plan practices so that athlete compete and play in an environment that is safe
  2. Good coaches emphasize basic skills and techniques that are designed to prevent injury
  3. An athlete will be confident if they are trying their best in an environment that affords them an all-out effort
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2
Q

Pre-Participation consideration actions: Medical screening

A
  • Pre-participation exam (PPE)
  • Physical Fitness Profile (PFP)
  • Necessary at the start of any training
  • Educate individuals regarding risk of participation
  • Identify factors that place the at risk of injury
  • Exam requirement are risk-dependent and age-dependent
  • Par-Q
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3
Q

General Medical History

A
  • Athlete fills out medical history card prior to team/sport involvement
  • Athlete’s GP fills out a medical card
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4
Q

What can a Pre-Participation Exam (PPE) look like?

A
  • Medical History
  • Physical Exam
  • Respiratory Exam
  • Eye exam
  • Dental Exam
  • Neurological Exam
  • Cardiovascular Exam
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5
Q

What can a Physical Fitness Profile (PFP) look like?

A
  • Anthropometry
  • Body Composition
  • Flexibility
  • Strength/Power/Speed
  • Agility/Balance/Reaction
    -Cardiovascular Endurance
  • Maturation/Growth
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6
Q

Medical Screening: Who to conduct? (PPE)

A

PPE
- Primary Care Physician
- Paediatrician
- Orthopaedic Surgeon
- Dentist

Timeline
- Days prior to training or centralization camp (up to within 6 weeks of start)

Frequency
- Annually

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7
Q

Medical Screening: Who to conduct? (PFP)

A

PFP
- Lab testing by Exercise Physiologists
- Kinesiology Students
- Strength and Conditioning Coach

Timeline
- Days prior to training or centralization camp following PPE

Frequency: Bi-annually; before and after training camp (once final team selection made)

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8
Q

Contraindications to Participation

A

Contraindicators are disqualifying factors for participation (in high-risk sports):
* Neurological (concussion)
* Single organ (eye, kidney, testicle)
* Eye (retinal detach, recent eye surgery)
* Pulmonary (lung infection)
* Cardiovascular (abnormal enlarged heart,
infection, murmurs or conditions,
pacemaker, previous MI, on
anticoagulants)
* Abdominal (partially undescended testes,
enlarges liver or spleen, kidney)
* Genital/Urinary system (missing one kidney,
infection 6 weeks following appendectomy)
* Musculoskeletal (incomplete healing,
inflammatory arthritis, hip disease,
back/neck pain)
* Skin (bacterial or viral infection)
* Ear, Nose, Throat (recent middle ear operation)
* Heme (hemophilia, HIV/Aids, Amenorrhea)

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9
Q

What is an Emergency Action Plan (EAP)?

A
  • Serves as a blueprint on how to respond to emergency situations
  • Written document that is comprehensive yet flexible to adapt to any emergency situation
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10
Q

When to refer to an EAP?

A
  1. Evaluate extent of injury
  2. Determine minor:
    - Rest at home/sidelines
    - See a physician; now or later?
    - See a physiotherapist, chiropractor, etc.
  3. Determine moderate to severe:
    - Initiate EAP
    - Hospital Emergency Room (how will you get there?)
    - Call an ambulance
    - Transport self
    - Transport by another
  4. Walk in clinic?
  5. MD’s office
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11
Q

Predetermined emergency action plans allow for what?

A

Allows for proper assessment and care of athletes who suffered injury or sudden illness.

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12
Q

EAP’s should be prepared in conjunction with…?

A
  • Local paramedics
  • Hospital emergency departments
  • Sport physician
  • School nurse
  • Other allied healthcare professional associated with the team/event
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13
Q

EAP should be initiated under life threatening conditions like…?

A
  • Obstructed airway
  • Respiratory failure
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Severe heat
    problems
  • Head/brain
    damage
  • Cervical spine
    injury
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14
Q

EAP should be initiated under serious conditions like..?

A
  • Severe bleeding
  • Joint dislocation
  • Fractures
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15
Q

Definition of unconsciousness and the causes

A

The inability to respond to any sensory stimuli (exception is deep pain)
* Lethargic
* Stupor
* Coma

Causes may be:
Direct blow to the head
* Diabetes
* Epilepsy
* Anaphylactic shock

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16
Q

Primary Survey for Unconsciousness

A
  1. Airway
  2. Breathing
  3. Circulation
  4. The ABC’S
    - CPR guidelines have changed it to C-A-B
    - Compression, Airway, Breathing
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17
Q

Second Survey for Unconsciousness

A

Continue to monitor ABC’s
* Collect thorough history of injury
* Document level of consciousness
* Measure respiration
* Check the eyes/pupils
* Monitor skin colour and temperature
* Look for signs of trauma
(bleeding/posture)
* SCAT6 card (Sport Concussion
Assessment Tool)

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18
Q

Normal Respiratory Rates for different ages?

A

Newborn: 30-40 breaths/minute

Infants: 30-60 breaths/minute

Toddle: 26-32 breaths/minute

Child: 20-30 breaths/minute

Adolescent: 16-20 breaths/minute

Adult: 16-22 breaths/minute

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19
Q

If you suspect a spine injury..?

A
  • Athlete should not be moved unless is essential
  • Equipment is in the way
  • Cannot access ABC’S
  • Wait until EMS arrives
  • Managed as though a spine injury exists
  • ABC’s
  • Neurological
  • Status of LOC
  • Activate EMS
  • Learn appropriate holds to maintain spine alignment and recruit bystander help
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20
Q

Face Mask and Helmet Removal

A
  • Face mask should be removed (in most cases)
  • Remove as quickly as possible (even if conscious)
  • Need appropriate tools for removal
  • DO NOT remove helmet
  • Potential for injury during helmet removal can be increased by the presence of shoulder pads that elevate the trunk
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21
Q

If you do have to take the helmet off…?

A
  • Hockey helmet
  • Splay helmet with fingers
  • Have someone slide helmet up and off
  • Football helmets
  • Remove cheek pads
  • Tilt helmet off occiput and remove without spreading helmet apart
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22
Q

Environmental Factor: Thunder and lighting

A
  • 30 seconds flash-to-bag ratio
  • Can also be stopped at first sigh of lighting
  • 30 minutes must pass after thunder/lightning episode before activity resumed

Safe Shelter
* Grounded building or vehicle with metal roof
* Cell phone use is OK to dial 911

23
Q

Environmental Factors: Extreme Temperatures (Hot/Cold)

A
  • Risk of hyperthermia or hypothermia
  • Monitor and modify or cancel as indicated
  • Avoid peak hours in the
    heat
  • Ensure access to dry
    and/or shaded areas
  • More rest and hydration
    breaks as needed
  • Rain + cold
    temperatures
  • Who is at risk?
    Dehydration
  • Excessive or improper
    clothing
  • Low fitness level
  • Fatigue
  • Age (less 15 or greater 40)
  • Obesity
  • People on sidelines or in
    stands
24
Q

First Aid Kit Content (a few examples)

A
  • Basic Kit Contents Athletic Tape (1.5”)
  • Nail Clippers
  • Steri-Strips
  • Sugar Sunscreen
  • Gloves (latex)
  • Towel (Clean)
  • Gauze (sterile and non-sterile)
  • Band-Aids
  • Tweezers
  • Emergency Protocol
  • Utility Scissors
  • Injury Reporting Forms
25
Q

Personnel in EAP

A
  • What certifications/roles are required for the team ERT (emergency response team)
    members?
  • Who will be the call person? (should include back up personnel)
  • Who will be the charge person? (should include back up personnel)
  • Establish how communication will occur (i.e., radio, phone, voice commands, hand signals) and who will maintain that equipment
26
Q

Facility Policies in EAP

A
  • All areas of the training facility are checked regularly for safety hazards.
  • Phones (cell phones and land lines where necessary) and other emergency supplies are in
    working order and accessible
  • EMS information and access routes into and out of the facilities are updated and posted next to
    telephones (land lines if necessary) (attach with assignment)
  • ERT members are familiar with access into and out of the facility during an evacuation or during
    an EMS call
  • Visiting teams receive information about EAP and emergency equipment available to them
  • What other factors/issues could affect implementation of the EAP (i.e., weather, power outage,
    earthquake, special event, construction?)
27
Q

In the event of an Emergency…

A
  • Detail the roles of each of the ERT
    members provided by the team.
  • Run through your EAP in the
    order of how your ERT should
    respond.
  • Under what conditions should
    you activate your EAP?
  • When should EMS be
    contacted?
  • How much and how detailed should the information be that is provided to EMS by the call person?
28
Q

After the Emergency…

A
  • Who will inform the individual’s emergency contact person that an emergency has
    occurred?
  • Who will ensure that ALL documentation has
    been filled out correctly?
  • Should an incident report be created?
  • When should a debriefing session be held?
  • Who should attend a debriefing session?
  • What should be discussed at a debriefing session?
29
Q

What is an athletic injury?

A
  • Disruption in tissue continuity
  • Resulting from athletic or sports related activity
  • Causing cessation of participation or restriction of usual activity
  • Occurs when the forces applied to the body exceed the body’s ability to absorb the forces
  • When this happens, structures start to tear
30
Q

Forces and Injury

A
  • Sources of Forces
  • May be created inside the body (e.g., muscle contraction (eccentric especially) too powerful for
    connective tissue)
  • May be created outside the body (e.g., running into object, another person, repeat landing)
  • Spectrum: Minor to Life threatening
31
Q

How athletic injuries occur?

A
  • Mechanism of Injury:
  • application location, magnitude, and direction of which excess forces/stresses are applied to the body.
  • Example - Direct blow, indirect blow, chronic overuse
  • Type of Injuries
  • Exposed: disrupt skin continuity
    *Unexposed: internal, skin not broken
32
Q

What are the different mechanisms?

A
  • Indirect
  • example: FOOSH (aka skier’s/gamekeeper’s thumb)
  • Direct
  • Example: plant and twist, direct contact
  • chronic/repetitive overuse
33
Q

Direct Mechanism: Hematoma

A
  • A localized mass of blood and
    lymph confined within a space or
    tissue
  • Blood collects and pools under the skin outside the blood vessel
  • Symptoms are usually more severe than a bruise
  • Caused by greater trauma
  • May need surgical drainage
33
Q

Direct Mechanism: Contusion (bruise)

A
  • Caused by a direct blow to the
    body
  • Compression injury involving
    accumulation of blood and
    lymph within a muscle
  • Can cause damage to the skin
    and deeper tissue
34
Q

Indirect Mechanism: Muscle Strain

A
  • Injury to a muscle or tendon from over-exertion
  • Minor:
  • over stretch a muscle or tendon
  • Severe:
  • Partial/Complete tear in these tissues
35
Q

What are the different grades?

A
  • Grade 1: Stretching, small tears
  • Grade 2: Larger, but incomplete
  • Grade 3: Complete tear
36
Q

Ligament Sprain

A
  • A stretching or tearing of
    ligaments
  • Ligaments: fibrous tissue
    that connect two bones
    together in your joints
  • Most common sprain is your
    ankle
37
Q

What are the grades for a sprain?

A
  • Grade 1: Small tears, stable

-Grade 2: Larger tear, some laxity endpoint

-Grade 3: Complete tear, laxity, no endpoint

38
Q

Dislocation definition

A

-An injury in where the bone is forced from its normal position and out of joint

  • Causes: Trauma, Fall or collision
39
Q

Subluxation

A
  • Incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint
  • Not moving how it should or it is misaligned
  • Luxation: is a complete separation of the joints
40
Q

What is a fracture and what types are there?

A
  • Disruption of the continuity of a bone
  • Traverse
  • Linear
    -Oblique non-displaced
    -Oblique displaced
  • Spiral
  • Greenstick
  • Comminuted
41
Q

Avulsion Fractures

A
  • Small chunk of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main part of the bone
  • Common in young atheletes
  • Hip, elbow, and ankle are the most common locations
42
Q

Salter-Harris Fracture Classification

A

Type 1: Separation through the physis

Type 2: Fracture though a portion of the physis that extends through the metaphysis

Type 3: Fracture through a portion of the physis that extends through the epiphysis and into the joint

Type 4: Fracture across the metaphysis, physis and epiphysis

Type 5: Crush injury to the physis

43
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A
  • A fracture resulting from repeated loading with relatively low magnitudes forces
44
Q

Myositis

A

Inflammation of connective tissue within a muscle

45
Q

Myositis Ossification

A
  • Bone tissue forms within a muscle
  • Repetitive trauma to a muscle can develop MO
46
Q

Tendinitis

A
  • inflammation of a tendon
  • tearing of tendon fibers
47
Q

Tendinosis

A
  • Tendon condition associated with degeneration rather than with inflammation
  • Accumulate of small tears that failed to heal over time
48
Q

Tenosynovitis

A
  • Inflammation of a tendon sheath
  • Example: De Quervain’s tenosynovitis
49
Q

Bursitis

A
  • Inflammation of a bursa
  • Bursa is a fibrous sac membrane containing synovial fluid
  • Typically found between tendons and bones
  • Acts to decrease friction during movement
50
Q

Commotio Cordis

A
  • A sudden blunt impact to the chest
  • Sudden distortion of the myocardium resulting in ventricular fibrillation
  • Causes sudden cardiac arrest in an otherwise normal heart
51
Q

What’s the difference between cardiac arrest and heart attack?

A
  • Cardiac arrest is an electrical problem
  • Heart attack is a circulation problem
52
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A
  • Type of arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)
  • Affect the heart’s ventricles
  • Ventricles contract rapidly and uncoordinated
  • The heart foes not pump blood to the rest of the body
  • Need immediate medical attention
  • Most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death

Athletic Injury Assessment (6 decks)

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