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athletic injury assessment > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is wolff’s law

A

Bone responds to the forces or lack of forces placed on it

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2
Q

how many bones in the body

A

206

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3
Q

what is the function of skeletal system (PSA)

A
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Support an upright posture
  • Attachment points for muscles which apply force to the bones for movement
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4
Q

define long bones

A

levers for body movement

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5
Q

define short bones

A

cube-shaped to provide strength and provide little movement (wrist and ankle ones

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6
Q

define flat bones

A

larger flat area for numerous muscle attachments; provides protection (skull, ribs)

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7
Q

define irregular bones

A

peculiar/various shaped and functions (vertebrae, facial bones)

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8
Q

define sesamoid bones

A

embedded within tendon or other fascia (pisiform, patella,)

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9
Q

what is diaphysis

A

long portion of the bone, made of compact bone

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10
Q

what is epiphysis

A

expanded portion at the ends, made of spongy bonee

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11
Q

what is epiphyseal (growth) plate

A

cartilage disk present until 18-20 years of age, it will fuse the epiphysis to diaphysis

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12
Q

what is the periosteum

A

tough, outer fibrous covering of outer bone

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13
Q

what is medullary cavity (marrow)

A

location in center of the bone for marrow

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14
Q

what is endosteum

A

membrane lining the medullary cavity

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15
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

they break down older bone and resorb itw

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16
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

lays down new bone

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17
Q

what is remodelling

A

process of building up and breaking down bone

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18
Q

what makes up the skull?

A

occipital, frontal, parietal, temporal, maxilla, mandible

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19
Q

what makes up the vertebral column

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

20
Q

what makes up the thorax

A

12 ribs, sternum: xiphoid process

21
Q

what makes up the appendicular skeleton

A
  • shoulder/upper extremity (scapula/clavicle all the way to phalanges
  • pelvis/lower extremity (ischium, ilium, pubis all the way to phalanges
22
Q

name all the carpal bones

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

(Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle)

23
Q

explain the difference in male and female pelvis

A

males are heavier and larger but narrow, deep and more funnel-shaped

females are wider and have a flair shape better for childbirth – might cause higher Q-angle

24
Q

define acute injuries to bones

A

fractures
open - breaks, through skin
closed - breaks, not through skin

25
Q

define chronic injuries to bones

A

periostitis: inflammation of periosteum, precedes stress fracture
stress fracture: fracture of bone caused by repetitive muscle action over time

26
Q

go over different types of bone fractures

A

greenstick,
spiral
comminuted
transverse
compound
compression

27
Q

what could cause an epiphyseal fracture

A

decreased bone mineral density
proportionally stronger ligaments and tendons
increased bone flexibility
developing growth plates

28
Q

define epiphyseal plate fracture

A

disruption in the cartilaginous physis of long bones
males were affected 2x more than females age (11-14 corresponding with growth spurts) more common in upper extremities.

29
Q

define greenstick fracture

A

occurs when the bone bends and partially breaks but doesn’t extend through the width of the bone

30
Q

signs that require a visit to the doctor

A

-inability to continue play because of pain following an acute or sudden injury
- decreased ability to play over the long term because of persistent pain following a previous injury
- visible deformity of the child’s arms or legs
- severe pain that prevent use

31
Q

define joint

A

the site of functional movement of the bones that make up that joint

32
Q

define ligaments

A

attach between bony landmarks
- prevent excess movement at the joint
- relatively inelastic structures that will often fail in rapid loading situations

33
Q

describe synarthroses joints

A

immovable joint
- bones in the cranium of the skull

33
Q

describe amphiarthroses (cartilaginous) joints

A

slightly moveable joint, lacks joint cavity, bones attached with cartilage
- pubic symphysis
- divided into synchondrosis and symphysis

34
Q

describe diarthroses (synovial) joints

A

freely movable joint has a joint cavity
- shoulder, hip, knee

35
Q

what is a synovial cavity

A

enclosed space that surrounds the 2 articulating surfaces
- contains the slippery lubricated fluid - synovial fluid which nourishes chondrocytes and provides cushioning

36
Q

what are articular discs

A

thin oval plate of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones separating the cavities to allow for separate movement to occur
maintain the stability of the joint
direct synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction
(found in acromioclavicular joint, sternoclavicular joint

37
Q

what is bursa

A

fluid filled sac that contains synovial fluid
helps to reduce friction between
-skin and bone
-tendons and bones
-muscles and bones
-ligaments and bonesh

38
Q

what is the meniscus

A

C-shape cartilage that acts like a cushion
located between the femur and tibia
lateral and medial

39
Q

give an example of each diarthrotic joint
- ball and socket
- hinge
- saddle
- pivot
- plane/gliding
- condyloid

A
  • ball and socket — humero-scapula
  • hinge — humero-ulnar
  • saddle — 1st carpo-metacarpal
  • pivot — radio-ulnar
  • plane/gliding - intercarpal
  • condyloid — metal-carpophalangeal
40
Q

what can cause limited ROM

A

muscle weakness
ligament damage
nerve damage
spine damage
arthritis

41
Q

describe hypermobility

A

results in tension on the ligaments that normally limit the ROM
can result in undue compression on margins of the articulating surface over time

42
Q

describe acute injuries to joints

A

sprains - stretching or partial or complete tear of ligament
subluxation - complete (luxation) to incomplete separation of 2 articulating bones

43
Q

describe chronic injuries to joints

A

osteochondrosis - disease of bone and cartilage
arthritis - swelling of joint soft tissue
bursitis - inflammation of bursa

44
Q

give example of the following joints
- pivot
- ball and socket
- plane/gliding
- saddle
-condyloid
- ellipsoid

A
  • pivot - forearm to rotate
  • ball and socket - hip joint
  • plane/gliding - the bases of the 4th and 5th finger joints
  • saddle - thumb
  • condyloid -knee
  • ellipsoid - wrist

athletic injury assessment (6 decks)

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