Functional Anatomy Flashcards
what is wolff’s law
Bone responds to the forces or lack of forces placed on it
how many bones in the body
206
what is the function of skeletal system (PSA)
- Protection of vital organs
- Support an upright posture
- Attachment points for muscles which apply force to the bones for movement
define long bones
levers for body movement
define short bones
cube-shaped to provide strength and provide little movement (wrist and ankle ones
define flat bones
larger flat area for numerous muscle attachments; provides protection (skull, ribs)
define irregular bones
peculiar/various shaped and functions (vertebrae, facial bones)
define sesamoid bones
embedded within tendon or other fascia (pisiform, patella,)
what is diaphysis
long portion of the bone, made of compact bone
what is epiphysis
expanded portion at the ends, made of spongy bonee
what is epiphyseal (growth) plate
cartilage disk present until 18-20 years of age, it will fuse the epiphysis to diaphysis
what is the periosteum
tough, outer fibrous covering of outer bone
what is medullary cavity (marrow)
location in center of the bone for marrow
what is endosteum
membrane lining the medullary cavity
what are osteoclasts
they break down older bone and resorb itw
what are osteoblasts
lays down new bone
what is remodelling
process of building up and breaking down bone
what makes up the skull?
occipital, frontal, parietal, temporal, maxilla, mandible
what makes up the vertebral column
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
what makes up the thorax
12 ribs, sternum: xiphoid process
what makes up the appendicular skeleton
- shoulder/upper extremity (scapula/clavicle all the way to phalanges
- pelvis/lower extremity (ischium, ilium, pubis all the way to phalanges
name all the carpal bones
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
(Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle)
explain the difference in male and female pelvis
males are heavier and larger but narrow, deep and more funnel-shaped
females are wider and have a flair shape better for childbirth – might cause higher Q-angle
define acute injuries to bones
fractures
open - breaks, through skin
closed - breaks, not through skin
define chronic injuries to bones
periostitis: inflammation of periosteum, precedes stress fracture
stress fracture: fracture of bone caused by repetitive muscle action over time
go over different types of bone fractures
greenstick,
spiral
comminuted
transverse
compound
compression
what could cause an epiphyseal fracture
decreased bone mineral density
proportionally stronger ligaments and tendons
increased bone flexibility
developing growth plates
define epiphyseal plate fracture
disruption in the cartilaginous physis of long bones
males were affected 2x more than females age (11-14 corresponding with growth spurts) more common in upper extremities.
define greenstick fracture
occurs when the bone bends and partially breaks but doesn’t extend through the width of the bone
signs that require a visit to the doctor
-inability to continue play because of pain following an acute or sudden injury
- decreased ability to play over the long term because of persistent pain following a previous injury
- visible deformity of the child’s arms or legs
- severe pain that prevent use
define joint
the site of functional movement of the bones that make up that joint
define ligaments
attach between bony landmarks
- prevent excess movement at the joint
- relatively inelastic structures that will often fail in rapid loading situations
describe synarthroses joints
immovable joint
- bones in the cranium of the skull
describe amphiarthroses (cartilaginous) joints
slightly moveable joint, lacks joint cavity, bones attached with cartilage
- pubic symphysis
- divided into synchondrosis and symphysis
describe diarthroses (synovial) joints
freely movable joint has a joint cavity
- shoulder, hip, knee
what is a synovial cavity
enclosed space that surrounds the 2 articulating surfaces
- contains the slippery lubricated fluid - synovial fluid which nourishes chondrocytes and provides cushioning
what are articular discs
thin oval plate of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones separating the cavities to allow for separate movement to occur
maintain the stability of the joint
direct synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction
(found in acromioclavicular joint, sternoclavicular joint
what is bursa
fluid filled sac that contains synovial fluid
helps to reduce friction between
-skin and bone
-tendons and bones
-muscles and bones
-ligaments and bonesh
what is the meniscus
C-shape cartilage that acts like a cushion
located between the femur and tibia
lateral and medial
give an example of each diarthrotic joint
- ball and socket
- hinge
- saddle
- pivot
- plane/gliding
- condyloid
- ball and socket — humero-scapula
- hinge — humero-ulnar
- saddle — 1st carpo-metacarpal
- pivot — radio-ulnar
- plane/gliding - intercarpal
- condyloid — metal-carpophalangeal
what can cause limited ROM
muscle weakness
ligament damage
nerve damage
spine damage
arthritis
describe hypermobility
results in tension on the ligaments that normally limit the ROM
can result in undue compression on margins of the articulating surface over time
describe acute injuries to joints
sprains - stretching or partial or complete tear of ligament
subluxation - complete (luxation) to incomplete separation of 2 articulating bones
describe chronic injuries to joints
osteochondrosis - disease of bone and cartilage
arthritis - swelling of joint soft tissue
bursitis - inflammation of bursa
give example of the following joints
- pivot
- ball and socket
- plane/gliding
- saddle
-condyloid
- ellipsoid
- pivot - forearm to rotate
- ball and socket - hip joint
- plane/gliding - the bases of the 4th and 5th finger joints
- saddle - thumb
- condyloid -knee
- ellipsoid - wrist
