Risk assessment scores Flashcards

1
Q

what include Revised cardiac risk index?

A
  1. High risk type of surgery
  2. ischemic heart disease
  3. History of congestive heart disease
  4. history of cerebrovascular disease
  5. Insulin therapy for diabetes
  6. Preoperative serum creatinine >2
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2
Q

Perioperative cardiac surgery specific risk…

A

> 5% - Vascular surgery of aorta and peripheral vascular surgery
1-5% - abdominal and thoracic procedures, carotid endarterectomy, orthopedic surgery, head and neck surgery
<1% endoscopic, superficial soft tissue, cataract, breast, ambulatory operations

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3
Q

ASA score

A

ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) score — это система классификации, разработанная для оценки физического статуса пациента перед операцией. Она используется анестезиологами для определения риска хирургических вмешательств и планирования анестезии. Система делится на шесть классов:

  1. ASA I: Здоровый пациент без системных заболеваний.
  2. ASA II: Пациент с лёгким системным заболеванием, которое не ограничивает его обычную активность (например, контролируемая гипертония или диабет без осложнений).
  3. ASA III: Пациент с тяжёлым системным заболеванием, которое ограничивает его активность, но не является угрожающим жизни (например, плохо контролируемая гипертония или диабет с осложнениями).
  4. ASA IV: Пациент с тяжёлым системным заболеванием, которое является постоянной угрозой для жизни (например, хроническая сердечная недостаточность или почечная недостаточность).
  5. ASA V: Умирающий пациент, который, вероятно, не переживёт операцию без вмешательства (например, тяжелая травма или обширная внутренняя кровопотеря).
  6. ASA VI: Пациент, у которого была констатирована смерть мозга, и органы которого будут использованы для трансплантации.

Кроме того, существует дополнительный индекс “E” (Emergency), который добавляется к основному классу в случае экстренной операции. Например, ASA II E обозначает пациента с лёгким системным заболеванием, которому требуется экстренная операция.

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4
Q

intraoperative mortality patients with cirrhosis + child Pugh score:

A

The Child-Pugh score is a clinical scoring system used to assess the severity of chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis. It helps predict patient prognosis and aids in decisions about treatments, including liver transplantation.

The score consists of five factors, two based on clinical findings and three on lab values. Each factor is assigned a score of 1 to 3 points, with a total score ranging from 5 to 15.

The five factors:

1.	Hepatic encephalopathy:
*	Score 1: None
*	Score 2: Mild to moderate (Grades 1-2)
*	Score 3: Severe (Grades 3-4)
2.	Ascites:
*	Score 1: None
*	Score 2: Mild
*	Score 3: Severe (poorly controlled)
3.	Total bilirubin:
*	Score 1: < 2 mg/dL 
*	Score 2: 2–3 mg/dL
*	Score 3: > 3 mg/dL 
4.	Serum albumin:
*	Score 1: > 3.5 g/dL
*	Score 2: 2.8–3.5 g/dL
*	Score 3: < 2.8 g/dL
5.	INR (International Normalized Ratio):
*	Score 1: < 1.7
*	Score 2: 1.7–2.3
*	Score 3: > 2.3

Total score and classification:

*	Class A (Score 5-6): Mild disease, good prognosis.
*	Class B (Score 7-9): Moderate disease.
*	Class C (Score 10-15): Severe disease, poor prognosis.

The Child-Pugh score is commonly used to assess the likelihood of survival, determine the need for intervention, and evaluate the suitability for liver transplantation.
intraoperative mortality:
Child A - 10%
Child B - 30%
Chaild C - 80 %

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5
Q

qSOFA score

A

RR >=22
SBP <=100 mmHG
Altered mental status

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6
Q

SIRS criteria

A
  • Fever >38 or <36
  • Leucocytosis >12K or <4K or <10%immature forms
  • Tachycardia >90
  • RR >20
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7
Q

extubation criteria

A
  • Respiratory rate / Tidal volume - <105 predictive of successful extubation
  • Respiratory rate <25
  • Negative inspiratory force < -20
  • Minute ventilation <10 L/min
  • Tidal volume >5 cc/kg
  • Vital capacity >10 cc/kg
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8
Q

ARDS

A
  • bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph or CT scan,
  • PaO2/FiO2 ratio <300 (<300 is mild, <200 is moderate, and <100 is severe),
  • an inciting factor within 7 days prior to the diagnosis,
  • a rule-out of hydrostatic edema as a cause of the bilateral infiltrates.
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9
Q

Cushing ulcer

A

Gastric ulcer associated with elevated intracranial pressures

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10
Q

Curling ulcer

A

Gastric ulcer associated with burns

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11
Q

model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scoring system

A

The MELD score was developed as a means of predicting the 3-month mortality rate after a transjugular in- trahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure used to treat cirrhosis.
MELD score is reproducibly calculated using objective data:
-serum sodium,
-serum creatinine,
-serum total bilirubin,
-and INR level.

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12
Q

Criteria for AKI

A

• Increase in serum creatinine by ≥0.3 mg/dL (≥26.5 μmol/L) within 48 hours; or

• Increase in serum creatinine to ≥1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the prior 7 days; or

• Urine volume <0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6 hours.

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13
Q

Types of AKI

A

1.Prerenal - may be confirmed by a fractional excretion of sodium <1%.

hypovolemia, congestive heart failure, and decompensated liver disease.

2.Intrarenal - is most commonly caused by acute tubular necrosis.

Intrarenal AKI may be confirmed by a fractional excretion of sodium >1%

Etiologies of acute tubular necrosis include medications, contrast media, and sepsis to name a few.

3.Postrenal - result of obstruction to urinary flow.

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14
Q

Hyperkalemia EKG findings

A

peaked T waves (most common finding), widening QRS complexes, loss of P waves, sine wave, ventricular arrhythmias, and ultimately asystole

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15
Q

Триада Вирхова при венозной тромбоэмболии (VTE)

A
  1. Эндотелиальное повреждение
  2. Венозный стазис
  3. Гиперкоагуляция
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16
Q

treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI)

A
  1. Initial Episode of CDI:
    - Vancomycin 125 mg orally 4 times/day for 10 days
    - OR Fidaxomicin 200 mg orally 2 times/day for 10 days
    - Alternative in less severe cases: Metronidazole 500 mg orally 3 times/day for 10 days
  2. Fulminant CDI:
    - Vancomycin 500 mg orally 4 times/day + Metronidazole 500 mg IV 3 times/day
    - Vancomycin enemas (500 mg in 100 mL normal saline enema) recommended
  3. Recurrent CDI:
    - If metronidazole was used in the first episode:
    • Vancomycin regimen (same as initial episode)
      - If vancomycin was used in the first episode:
    • Prolonged vancomycin regimen in a tapered and pulse manner:
      • 125 mg orally 4 times/day for 10–14 days
      • Followed by 2 times/day for 7 days
      • Followed by every 2–3 days for 2–8 weeks
    • OR Fidaxomicin 200 mg orally 2 times/day for 10 days
  4. Subsequent Recurrences:
    - Vancomycin or Fidaxomicin as described above
    - OR Vancomycin followed by Rifaximin:
    • Vancomycin 125 mg orally 4 times/day for 10 days
    • Rifaximin 400 mg orally 3 times/day for 20 days
  5. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation:
    - Considered in patients with multiple recurrent CDIs
  6. Surgical Intervention:
    - Considered in patients with severe complications despite medical management, such as peritonitis, colonic perforation, bowel ischemia, acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO), worsening acidosis, sepsis, and shock.
17
Q

Contraindications for PEG placement

A

Contraindications for PEG placement include the following: • No endoscopic access
• Significant ascites
• Severe coagulopathy
• Gastric outlet obstruction or previous gastric resection
• Gastric bypass surgery
• Survival less than 4 weeks
• Inability to bring the gastric wall in approximation to the abdominal wall
• Severe immunosuppression (white blood cell count <1).

18
Q

Indications for PEG

A
  • inability to swallow, high risk of aspiration
  • severe facial trauma
  • indications for mechanical ventilation for longer than 4 weeks.
    Other indications include nutritional access for debilitated patients and patients with dementia with severe malnutrition