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Italian History > Rise of Fascism 1919-22 (Key Facts) > Flashcards

Rise of Fascism 1919-22 (Key Facts) Flashcards

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1
Q

March 1919

A

first meeting of Fasci de combattimento

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2
Q

June 1919

A

Treaty of St Germain, Orlando resigns and replaced by Nitti

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3
Q

September 1919

A

Occupation of Fiume by D’Annunzio

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4
Q

November 1919

A

PPI established and general election using proportional representation resulted in political deadlock

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5
Q

1919-20

A

Biennio Rosso (strikes, demonstrations, land occupations of the left)

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6
Q

June 1920

A

Nitti replaced by Giolitti

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7
Q

September 1920

A

workers seized control of northern factories

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8
Q

December 1920

A

D’Annunzio forced out of Fiume

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9
Q

May 1921

A

PCI formed and general election continued political deadlock, fascists gained 35 seats

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10
Q

June 1921

A

Giolitti replaced by Bonomi

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11
Q

August 1921

A

pact of pacification

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12
Q

November 1921

A

PNF’s new programme

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13
Q

January 1922

A

Pius XI new pope

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14
Q

February 1922

A

Bonomi replaced by Facta

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15
Q

August 1922

A

general strike collapsed within 24 hrs

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16
Q

27 oct 1922

A

fascists seized control of provincial cities and waiting outside Rome

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17
Q

28 oct 1922

A

king approved martial law then changed his mind, Facta resigns

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18
Q

29 oct 1922

A

salandra unable to form government so king invited Mussolini as PM

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19
Q

30 oct 1922

A

Mussolini arrives in Rome to accept appointment as PM

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20
Q

31 Oct 1922

A

March on Rome

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21
Q

Salandra

A

-failed to absorb mussolini in a coalition government in oct 1922
-advised king to not appoint Giolitti

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22
Q

Giolitti

A

-reduced impact of the Biennio Rosso by making concessions
-legitimised Mussolini by including him in the party list for 1921 election
-acted passively during March on Rome crisis as expected he’ll be made PM and only waited for the call

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23
Q

what were Giolitti’s concessions made during Biennio Rosso

A

-bread subsidies
-8 hr working day
-fairer tax
legalised land occupations

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24
Q

Orlando

A

-signed the Mutilated Treaty of St Germain in 1919
-negotiated with Mussolini to form a coalition but failed

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25
Q

Facta

A

-failed to obtain king’s approval for martial law in 1922

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26
Q

who were the 4 prime ministers in 1919-22

A

Orlando, Nitti, Giolitti, Facta (only lasted a year each so Mussolini a more viable candidate)

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27
Q

who was the commander of the army in 1917-22

A

General Diaz (victor of vittorio veneto)
-told the king that the army would obey orders but shouldnt put its loyalty to the test during march on Rome

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28
Q

General Badolgio

A

confident that the army could crush the fascists during march on rome

29
Q

who was the leader of the PPI catholic party

A

Don Sturzo (unwilling to work with socialists and were reluctant with the fascists)

30
Q

Pope Pius XI

A

-pope in jan 1922
-more sympathetic to fascism than his predecessor
-overruled don sturzo by ordering him to join mussolini’s coalition

31
Q

King Emmanuel III

A

-timid and weak character
-changed his mind about martial law

32
Q

D’annunzio

A

nationalist leader who occupied Fiume for 15 months

33
Q

Pirelli

A

a leading industrialist

34
Q

Balbo and Farinacci

A

local fascist leaders

35
Q

duke of aosta

A

kings cousin, emmanuel feared that he would replace him as king if mussolini wasnt to be PM

36
Q

quadrumviri

A

4 fascist leaders who organised the march on rome

37
Q

Ras

A

local fascist leaders

38
Q

sqaudristi

A

fascist black shirts who used violence against socialists

39
Q

proportional representation

A

electoral system introduced by PM Nitti (radicals) in a series of unstable coalition governments and encouraged the splintering of parties

40
Q

universal suffrage

A

every man has the vote regardless of literacy

41
Q

prefects

A

representatives of central government responsible for law and order in the provinces

42
Q

treaty of london

A

italy agreed to join the allies in 1915 in return for irredente lands (e.g. south tyrol, trentino, Istria
Fiume and colonies not mentioned

43
Q

“Mutilated peace”

A

reference to the treaty of St Germain (versailled settlement) where italy failed to gain Fiume, dalmatian coast or colonies

44
Q

Biennio Rosso

A

“two red years” of strikes, factory occupations and violent riots
main reason why higher classes flocked to the fascists

45
Q

march on rome

A

threat of the march was intimidating, actual march in rome was the day after Mussolini appointed PM

46
Q

1919 PNF programme

A

-abolition of monarchy
-confiscation of inherited wealth, war profit and church property
-8 hr day and worker participation in management
-nationalisation of arms’ factories
-italy to take fiume and dalmatia

This extreme left wing alienated elites but didnt win over workers as they were loyal to the PSI , later shifted more right

47
Q

1921 New Programme

A

-republicanism dropped
-no mention of confiscation
-8 hr day except for agricultural and industrial requirements
-privatisation of nationalised industries
-complete unification of Italy
-major role in mediterranean

used many meaningless slogans, vague so that people could interpret i themselves in a way that aligns with their interests, widens their appeal

48
Q

liberal party

A

-dominated parliament since unification
-liberal vote collapsed in 1919 election
-remained divided between factions e.g. Giolitti and Salandra

49
Q

PSI

A

-1919 socialists biggest party in parliament with 31% vote
-no other party willing to join them in coalition so was excluded from power
-lacking an inspirational leader and coherant strategy

50
Q

PSU

A

moderate socialist splinter party from the PSI
formed in 1919 under Marinetti

51
Q

PCI

A

communist splinter party from the PSI
formed in 1921 under Gramsci

52
Q

PPI/ “populari”

A

catholic party formed in 1919
commanded 20% of electorate, mostly those who previously supported liberals
refused to form coalition with anticlerical socialists or radicals

53
Q

radicals

A

had a loose relationship with liberals, in 1919 a more distinct party, Nitti introduced proportional representation

54
Q

fascism

A

difficult to define because Mussolini changed position on so many policies
Themes: glorification of violence, extreme nationalism, antiliberalism, antisocialism

55
Q

mussolinism

A

mussolinis ideology was flexible but his quest for power wasnt, determined his thinking and tactics

56
Q

dual policy

A

mussolini presented himself as a violent revolutionary to appeal to the army but also a defender of the establishment to appeal to the conservative elites, managed to be both moderate and extremist without appearing contradictory

57
Q

conservative elites

A

upper class establishment consisting of industrialists, big landowners, aristocrats, army generals, senior civil servants
King was the top of the social hierarchy
by 1922 they had lost faith in the liberals to protect their status and saw fascism as an alternative

58
Q

middle class

A

professionals, junior civil servants, officers, tenant farmers, small businessment who felt most threatened by socialism so were enthusiastic about fascism

59
Q

how much did government debt rise during the war

A

increased from 3 billion to 23 billion lira

60
Q

by 1919 how much was the lira worth

A

due to inflation, lira worth 25% of value in 1914

61
Q

in 1918 how many war veterans

A

5 million

62
Q

in 1918 how many soldiers died and wounded in ww1

A

650,000 died
1 million wounded

63
Q

how much did trade union membership increase by

A

250,000 in 1915
2 mill in 1919

64
Q

how much did membership of the fascists increase by

A

4000 in 1919 to 200,000 in 1921 when Biennio Rosso at its peak
by 1922 was 300,000

65
Q

what happened in 1919 election

A

PSI- 156 seats 31%
PPI- 101 seats 20%
left wing vote split with the reformist socialists with 21 seats
fascists gained 2% of vote in miland and didnt win any deputies

66
Q

what happened in the 1921 election

A

PSI- 123 seats
PPI 107 seats
they still remained strong despite left wing split with the rise of communists with 15 seats and reformist socialist with 29 seats

fascists won 39 seats and 7% vote

67
Q

how many police men needed to halt the march on rome

A

400 police needed to halt the march 50 miles outside of rome

68
Q

how many killed by the fascists

A

3,000-4,000 killed with over 10,000 injured between 1919-22
intimidated people into submission

Italian History (9 decks)

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