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Italian History > Mussolini's consolidation of power Key Facts (1922-26) > Flashcards

Mussolini's consolidation of power Key Facts (1922-26) Flashcards

1
Q

when did Pius XI become Pope

A

Jan 1922

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2
Q

when was Bonomi replaced by Facta as PM

A

Feb 1922

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3
Q

What happened in Aug 1922

A

General strike collapsed

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4
Q

what happened in 27 Oct 1922

A

Fascists seized control of provincial cities and walked outside Rome

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5
Q

what happened on the 28 Oct 1922

A

King approved martial law and changed his mind, facta resigned as PM

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6
Q

what happened in the 29 oct 1922

A

salandra unable to form government so the king invited mussolini as PM

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7
Q

what happened on 30 oct 1922

A

mussolini arrived in Rome to accept his appointment as PM

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8
Q

what happened on 31 oct 1922

A

March on Rome

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9
Q

when was mussolini issued to be able to rule by decree

A

Nov 1922

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10
Q

when was the fascist grand council established

A

1923

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11
Q

when was the MVSN established

A

1923

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12
Q

when did the nationaists merge with the PNF

A

1923

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13
Q

When was the PPI dismissed from coalition

A

1923

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14
Q

when was acerbo law created

A

1923

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15
Q

Describe the timeline of 1924

A

april- General election
June- matteotti murder
July- aventine succession
Dec- rossi memorandum

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16
Q

when did Mussolini declare dictatorship

A

jan 1925

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17
Q

describe the events of 1925

A

PNF centralised, trade unions abolished and strikes illegal, press censorship increased, Mussolini head of government

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18
Q

describe the events of 1926

A

Elected mayors replaced with podestas, all other parties banned, purge of civil service and judiciary, special tribunal for poltical crimes

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19
Q

when was the OVRA secret police created

A

1927

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20
Q

Facta

A

PM who obtained the King’s approval and backing for martial law
Resigned when the king refused to order it later

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21
Q

Don Sturzo

A

leader of PPI, joined fascists in a coalition government in oct 1922, dismissed by Mussolini in 1923 when he doubted the coalition, lost support of the Pope and resigned

22
Q

Pope Pius XI

A

became pope jan 1922, good relationship with Mussolini and supported him during the Matteotti crisis, approved the PPI joining the fascists in oct 1922, accepted the banning of the PPI in 1926, saw Mussolini as a saviour against communism and appreciated his restoration of crucifixes and religious education becoming mandatory

23
Q

Orlando, Salandra, Giolitti

A

joined government list of candidates in 1924 election, won many seats in the south, were complicit to Mussolini’s destruction of democracy

24
Q

Matteotti

A

leader of the reformist socialists (PSU), assassinated in 1924, he championed democracy and stood against Mussolini by delivering a speech that condemned the april elections as a fraud, Mussolini’s survival of his crisis showed that he had become above the law

25
Q

Dumini

A

deputy to Rossi in the Fascist press office, one of Matteotti’s murderers, member of Cheka hit squad, Mussolini liked to employ these people as they could do the dirty work for him, the failure to effectively clean their tracks meant that they acted spontaneously

26
Q

Rossi

A

Mussolini’s press officer, wrote a memorandum that accused Mussolini in acts of violence but didnt mention Matteotti, found its way to the press who then published it in dec 1924, couldve been used to destroy Mussolini’s power

27
Q

Federzoni

A

member of the nationalists party and appointed minister of the interior in 1924 to reassure the elite during the Matteotti murder, they were responsible for law and order

28
Q

Rocco

A

member of nationalist party and appointed Justice minister in 1924 to please the elite during the Matteotti murder, he drafted many laws e.g. banning of trade unions and making strikes illegal, gave Mussolini dictatorial powers

29
Q

Farinacci

A

Mussolini appointed him, a violent ras, as PNF secretary in 1925, this centralised the organisation and expanded the membership to 900,000 and purged those who disagreed with Mussolini, after he had broken the ras he was then sacked in 1926

30
Q

de bono

A

fascist and general in the army, was a bridge between the PNF and the elite, was made chief of police and made member of the fascist grand council, was used as a scapegoat for the Matteotti murder and was sacked in 1924, was replaced as chief of police by a non-fascist

31
Q

Balbo

A

important ras and rival to Mussolini, was appointed in fascist grand council and put in charge of the MVSN in 1923, sacked in 1924 as another scapegoat for Matteotti’s murder, was made governor of Libya to get him out of the way of Mussolini

32
Q

King Emmanuel

A

claimed in oct 1922 there were 100,000 fascists outside Rome against 8,000 army but there was actually 30,000 each, army was better equipped and trained, supported Mussolini during the Matteotti murder and refused to read the Rossi memorandum that was the key evidence against Mussolini, this gave Mussolini confidence in 1925 to set dictatorship as he was now above the law

33
Q

General Diaz

A

commander of army 1917-22, Victor or vittorio veneto, expressed uncertainty about army’s loyalty during march on rome

34
Q

general badoglio

A

confident that the army could crush fascist threat during march on rome, was appointed commander of army in 1925

35
Q

rule by decree

A

november 1922 Mussolini given power to pass laws without parliamentary consent for 12 months, was passed 306/116 votes even though there were only 35 fascists, this shows peoples lack of faith in democracy and the consent they gave to the rise of fascism

36
Q

acerbo law

A

replaced the system of proportional representation in 1923 by a system that gave 2/3 seats to the largest party as long as they get 25% of votes, this was passed due to a lack of faith in democracy, wasnt needed by fascists in 1924 elections as they got 2/3 of vote anyway

37
Q

MVSN

A

squads or blackshirts that were organised locally under the control of ras, were now centralised into state militia and paid by the government, became neutralised as shown by decreasing violence, few fascists were convicted of murder which shows that the judiciary were lenient towards them

38
Q

how many deaths caused by fascists between 1919-26

A

4000 in 1919-22
only 400 in 1923-26

39
Q

aventine succession

A

100 left wing deputies left the chamber in jul 1924 to set their own parliament in protest to Matteottis murder, this played into Mussolini’s hands as it got rid of his opposition,it wouldve only worked if they represented a majority

40
Q

podestas

A

replaced elected mayors in parliament, were fascists appointed by Mussolini, non-fascist prefects still the most important representative which reassured the elite and they could also keep an eye on troublesome ras

41
Q

fascist grand council

A

an organisation made in 1923, undermined the authority of the cabinet and allowed Mussolini to “absorb” senior fascists by giving them some power while distracting them from their local power bases

42
Q

head of government

A

the title Mussolini gave himself in 1925, was answerable to the king and not parliament, made rule by decree permanent

43
Q

purges

A

some civil servants and judges were purged but only few as there wasnt much resistance to Mussolini, he was reluctant to replace them with fascists as they were more inexperienced and could cause more trouble

44
Q

OVRA

A

secret police introduced 1927 like an afterthought since there wasnt much opposition he didnt need to use force, OVRA agents werent as ruthless or well-organised as Gestapo as Mussolini’s dictatorship didnt have to resort to terror

45
Q

special tribunals

A

courts that handled political crimes

46
Q

ras

A

local fascist leaders

47
Q

squadristi

A

fascist black shirts who used violence against the socialists

48
Q

march on rome

A

took place after Mussolini became PM, only took 400 policemen to halt the march 50 miles outside capital, victory parade lasted 1 day then Mussolini send them all away so they wouldnt cause chaos and affect his image as the one to restore order

49
Q

quadrumviri

A

the 4 leaders of the march on rome, Mussolini wasnt an organiser or participator, he stayed in Milan ready to escape to Switzerland if it failed, he was walking a tightrope trying to be reassuring and intimidating

50
Q

dual policy

A

his policy of compromising with both elites in private and appearing a radical fascist in public

51
Q

martial law

A

military rule

Italian History (10 decks)

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