Liberal Italy to 1914 (Key Facts) Flashcards
when was the unification of italy
1860s
when was the triple alliance made between what countries
1882- Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary
when was the franchise extended
1885-2% to 25% of men
what happened in 1898
major riots which killed over 100 people
when was the battle of adowa in abyssinia
1896
when was King Umberto assassinated
1900
when was Giolitti made prime minister for the 4th time
1911
when was the invasion of libya
1911
when did Turkey surrender to italy
1912- were distracted by Balkan wars
when was the extension of the franchise after Giolitti
1912
when did Giolitti resign
March 1914
who replaced Giolitti
nationalist Salandra
when was Red week
1914
when did Salandra declare neutrality in WW1
August 1914
When was the treaty of London
april 1915
when was the declaration of war against austria and germany
May 1915
risorgimento
-“rebirth”
-refers to reunification of 1860s
“legal”/ “real” italy
italy unified in a a legal way but population was excluded from politics and didnt identify with the liberal state
roman question
catholics refusal to recognise the legitimacy of the liberal state and the loss of the papal states
transformismo
system of bargains politicians made with eachother to form a government
-became less effective after expansion of franchise in 1913
italia irredente
italian speaking territories occupied by austria
-e.g. trentino, dalmation coast, trieste, flume
treaty of london
in 1915 britain agreed to give italia irredente (except flume) in return for italy joining the war against Austria and germany
reformists
moderates in the socialist party led by turrati
maximalists
extremists in the socialist party, eventually mussolini becomes prominent leader
liberal party
collection of groups in favour of status quo and included radicals, catholics, nationalists, democrats
-dominated parliament in terms of numbers but were divided
-grouped around patrons e.g. giolotti on the left and salandra on the right
PSI
italian socialist party
ANI
Italian nationalist association
-wanted to make italy a great power by aggressive foreign policy
-influentil amongst elite but lacked mass electoral base
-D’annunzio famous leader
futurists
intellectual movement led by marinetti who glorified violence and influenced nationalists
industrial triangle
industrial cities in the north, turin genoa and milan
syndicalists
extreme trade unions wanting strike action
catholic action
umbrella term for numerous charitable youth and sports clubs that spread the church’s influence
franchise
extension of the vote to most men
-all literates over 21
-all illiterates over 30
giolittis reform programme
-abolished child labour
-social insurance and pensions
-maternity fund
-spending on public works increased by 50%
-balanced budget by restraining expenditure on armed forces
-maintains government neutrality in industrial conflicts (enabled trade unions to strike and force employers to increase wages)
anticlericalists
italians who opposed the catholic church
-rejected religious involvement in schools and marriage
-e.g. socialists and radicals
-giolittis coalition with the catholics led to radicals withdrawing support, forced him to resign in 1914
red week
-new PM salandra reversed giolittis reforms e.g. non intervention of strikes
-provoked the left into rioting known as red week
-hundreds killed
-socialists too disorganised to keep fighting, only lasted a week
declaration of neutrality
-italy part of triple alliance to help further chances with colonial gains
-remained neutral in aug 1914 saying austrias invasion of serbia was an aggressive act
-italy had little to gain from fighting for austria and much to lose from making enemies with britain and france
what percentage of north and south were illiterate
1911 45% in the south
10% in the north
how much more steel did germany make
20 times
how much more agricultural yield did france make
double
how much did italys GDP grow every year
2.8% annually
how much did workers wages grow by between 1900 and 1914
40%
what happened in the 1913 election
-socialists won 22% of the vote but only 69 deputies (15% of seats)
-nationalists only had 3 deputies
-liberal coalition lost some deputies but still had majority (318/511)
how much of population concerned with agricultural production
60% in 1914
-in britain only 15%
where was the most fertile region
Po valley
how many could vote in 1870-85
-2% of men (wealthy) in 1870
-extended to 25% of men in 1885 but most not legible to vote till 1912
how much did the electorate increase by in 1912
3 million to 8 million
how much did the main socialist newspaper increase by between 1912 and 1914
-Avantil circulation quadrupled
-mainly due to new editor and rising star in maximalists of PSI, mussolini
how many members of the PSI were there in 1914
50000
-not yet a mass party
how many soldiers died in the libyan war
3,000
how many deputies expressed support for giolittis attempt to prevent declaration of war
300/510 deputies showed support in may 1915
-giolitti backed down as king threatened to abdicate which would cause further crisis
