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Italian History > Impact of the First World War > Flashcards

Impact of the First World War Flashcards

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1
Q

why did salandra think the war would be a good idea

A

hoped that it would unite the nation in a patriotic fervour, entered the secret negotiations with both central and entente powers to see who offered the best deal

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2
Q

when was the treaty of London signed

A

april 1915

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3
Q

what was included in the treaty of london

A

salandra promised that italy would support the entente powers and in an event of victory italy would recieve irredente lands of south tyrol, trentino, istria, dalmatia and share turkish and german colonies

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4
Q

why did giolitti oppose war

A

italy wasnt prepared enough, germany was producing 20 times more steel so they couldnt compete

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5
Q

what did socialists believe about the war

A

they were pacifists and condemned the war as a capitalist conflict, money could be spent on domestic issues and workers instead

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6
Q

what did catholics believe about the war

A

didnt want to fight other catholics in austria as catholicism was an international organisation

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7
Q

what did the pope say about the war

A

“useless slaughter”

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8
Q

what did mussolini think about the war

A

supported the intervention, it could bring about revolutionary conditions

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9
Q

how many deputies supported giolitti in anti-war claims

A

300, was voted as PM again

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10
Q

why did giolitti resign after he clearly had support for anti-war

A

didnt want to betray a second treaty and didnt want to be responsible for the King’s threat to abdicate (the king supported the war)
Salandra returned as PM

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11
Q

why did people support neutrality instead of war

A

-the triple alliance was unattractive, those who wanted irredente lands saw fighting on their side as a betrayal of patriotic ambitions, britain supplied coal so industrialists didnt support as it would affect trade, many had cultural sympathy with france
-neutrality seen as more economically favourable, army still busy with libya and wasnt prepared for war, economy weak to sustain large scale war, could still make economic gains without intervention
-left parties opposed intervention, catholics didnt want to fight catholic austrians, territorial gains meant little to left parties, most italians content with success of libya

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12
Q

why did people support with intervention

A

thought that italy should have greater imperial ambitions, opportunities were wasted on spending on welfare benefits in favour of working classes, wanted the return of irredente lands

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13
Q

why did the intervention begin to get more support

A

-nationalist leader Corradini began campaigning for war in favour of entente powers instead to gain irredente territories
-nationalists had influence over the press which popularised their campaign, allied propaganda on the nationalist side, mussolini changed stance to nationalists, Dannunzio vocal in support
-worker demonstrations against the intervention were broken up by police and military but those that were pro-intervention were encouraged

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14
Q

who was the king

A

king emmanuel III

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15
Q

How did the nationalists spread support for intervention

A

organised demonstrations, Dannunzio’s charismatic speeches attracted crowds and a patriotic atmosphere, mussolini gathered crowds of 30,000 in milan, salandra had the support of the king and lead to a reassertion of liberal dominance

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16
Q

what initially made the war hard for italians

A

-the alps were mountainous, the austrians took the high ground
-inadequate equipment
-poor leadership
-disease caused many casualties
-low morale lead to mass desertions

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17
Q

how many were killed by the end of the war

A

650,000

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18
Q

how many were wounded by the end of the war

A

over a million

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19
Q

how many men were conscripted

A

5 million, most were peasants from the south and couldnt understand the dialect of northern generals

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20
Q

when was the battle of caporetto

A

october 1917

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21
Q

how many men did general cadorna execute

A

750 men for cowardice, alienated soldiers and sharpened divisions in society

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22
Q

by how much did austrians push back italians in caporetto

A

by 100 miles

23
Q

what happened as a result of the defeat in caporetto

A

-public blamed the government for incompetence, forced boselli to resign in favour of Orlando
-some blamed non-interventionists for not supporting the war effort
-cadorna blamed it on the cowardice of the soldiers, led to executions
-general cadorna sacked and replaced by diaz
-300,000 men taken prisoner

24
Q

how could the defeat of caporetto been worse

A

austrian advance only halted by the autumn flooding of river Piave, the consquences couldve been worse

25
Q

why did italians lose in the battle of caporetto

A

-defences weak
-reserves not brought to the front
-units were left without orders
-200,000 lost contact with regiments

26
Q

how did general diaz improve morale

A

-rations improved
-troops given 10 more days leave a year
-free life insurance
-newspapers introduced in 1918
-Arditi were a group who infiltrated enemy lines, described as heroes
-government introduced servicemen’s association in dec 1917, looked after the welfare of soldiers and their families

27
Q

how much less casualties were there under diaz

A

1917- 520,000
1918- 143,000
Diaz more cautious

28
Q

when was the battle of vittorio veneto

A

oct 1918

29
Q

what were the consequences of the battle of vittorio veneto

A

-collapse of austrian forces and the signing of the armistice in november 1918
-took 500,000 as prisoners of war
-hoped that italy could finally take place as a major european power

30
Q

what were main problems initially with the war (big list)

A

-unprepared, best soldiers were still in libya with a shortage of arms
-cadorna had only 2 machine guns per batalion in 1915 when austria had 12
-mobilisation disorganised, gave time for austrians to retreat
-cadornas response to failure was to sack hundreds of senior officers and execute for cowardice
-infrantry units experienced huge casualties, 95% of casualties were infrantry
-bitterness between peasant and industrial workers as workers could be excused
-little effort for the welfare of soldiers, only payed 1/2 lire a day, rations minimal, no entertainment, only 15 day leave a year

31
Q

how many planes did italy make in 1918

A

6500

32
Q

who became the lead manufacturer in europe

A

fiat for trucks

33
Q

how many vehicles did fiat produce in 1918

A

1918- 25,000
1914- 4500

34
Q

how much did the government budget deficit increase

A

1914- 2.9 billion lire
1918- 23.3 billion lire

35
Q

how much did the national debt increase by

A

5x
1914- 15.7 bill
1919- 84.9 bill

36
Q

how much did italy owe britain and usa

A

15 bill to britain
8.5 bill to usa

37
Q

what did the government do to try help economy

A

printed more money as they couldnt borrow more, led to inflation and prices quadrupled, economic instability causes discontent

38
Q

what happened to industries

A

they were too reliant on a war economy, struggles to survive after it ended, government cut spending and couldnt provide profitable contracts to companies

39
Q

how many died in the Turin bread riots 1917

A

50 shot

40
Q

what was the impact on industrial workers

A

-workers placed under military discipline, couldnt change jobs or strike
-food shortages and transport delays increased discontent
-working week increased, 75 hr working week was normal in fiat in 1916
-cost of living rose while wages fell
-increased support for socialism

41
Q

by how much did the purchasing power of workers fall by

A

25%

42
Q

what was the impact on soldiers

A

-thought workers had it easy, had safe jobs and wages were higher
-called them “imboscati” or “shirkers”

43
Q

what was the impact on rural areas

A

-women key workers in rural areas, helped to reduce food shortages
-peasants could pay off debts due to inflation
-rent payments were reduced
-there were promises made to peasant soldiers that werent kept, bitter at the lack of benefit

44
Q

how did some socialists get involved in the war effort

A

-made local councils which organised rations and welfare, trade unions helped to reduce labour disputes and safeguard jobs and wage rises
-socialists were blamed for sabotaging war effort even thought they helped

45
Q

what was socialists response to war

A

-PSI refused to vote war credits and their policy of “neither support or sabotage” angered the
nationalists
-their support grew due to increased working hrs and a fall in wages of 25%
-dissatisfied when democracy set aside, salandra ruled by decree and rarely allowed parliament to meet so that PSI has no chance to express views

46
Q

what was italys response to the russian revolution

A

-increased fear of socialism
-socialists used it as a model for change
-bolsheviks appealed to the workers of italy

47
Q

who helped the italian economy

A

dallollio

48
Q

when was the peace treaty signed with austria

A

september 1919

48
Q

how much economic growth was there in the north

A

20%, accentuated north/south divide

49
Q

when was the peace treaty signed with hungary

A

1920

50
Q

when was the peace treaty signed with Yugoslavia

A

1920
the treaty of rapollo

51
Q

what did italy gain after the war due to the treaty of london

A

-mainland was extended by 9,000 square miles
-austria’s pop. decreased to 6 mill which increased italy’s security
-recieved only colonies of Jarabub and Jubaland which werent very useful, italians dissatisfied with the results

52
Q

what did the nationalists call the war at the end

A

a “mutilated victory”

Italian History (8 decks)

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