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Geography > Rio - Challenges created by urban growth > Flashcards

Rio - Challenges created by urban growth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a favela?

A

A shanty town/slum area that is in or near to a city

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2
Q

Why are favelas illegal?

A

People have built homes on land they do not own

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3
Q

What is the biggest favela in Rio?

A

Rocinha

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4
Q

Where is Rocinha located?

A

It is found on the steep slopes just behind Ipanema and Copacabana beach

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5
Q

Why is having a house difficult in a favela?

A

-The houses are built from scrap materials

-Houses are illegally built

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6
Q

Why is the geography in favelas bad?

A

-They are built on steep slopes, which can have landslides in the rain

-The steepness of the slopes limit road access

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7
Q

Why is the infrastructure in favelas bad?

A

-12% of homes don’t have running water, 30% don’t have electricity, and 50% don’t have sewage.

-Waste cannot be disposed of in some places, so it builds up in the streets.

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8
Q

Why are the people in favelas dangerous?

A

-20/1000 people are murdered

-Drug gangs dominate the favelas

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9
Q

Why is healthcare bad in favelas?

A

-Infant mortality rates are high (50/1000)

-Very high population density means diseases spread fast

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10
Q

Why do people distrust the government in favelas?

A

-There is lots of police violence and corruption

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11
Q

Why is employment difficult in favelas?

A

-Most employment in the favelas is poorly paid and much is in the informal sector

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12
Q

What has been done to improve life in the favelas?

A

-Rehousing people into concrete housing

-Moving people to less crowded areas of the city

-Developing rural areas to slow rural to urban migration

-Make artwork to improve the areas

-Developing cultural activities for children, such as sports, to stop them from joining gangs

-Pacifying favelas to stop crime and get rid of gangs

-Raising taxes on the rich to pay for housing for the poor

-Donating money to charities who work in favelas

-Building more schools in the Favelas to educate the young

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13
Q

What social changes did ‘the favela barrio project’ bring?

A

-Daycares to allow parents to go to work

-Pacifying police unit (PPU) patrols to reduce crime

-Free return tickets on a cable car to Ipanema

-Training schemes to help people learn job skills

-Widening streets to allow road access (for emergency services)

-Services to help people affected by addiction and violence

-Adult education centres to improve adult literacy

-Residents can apply to legally own properties

-Provision of services like: water, electricity, and rubbish collection

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14
Q

What economic changes did ‘the favela barrio project’ bring?

A

-Access to credit

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15
Q

What were the problems with water?

A
  • Many people without access to running water.
  • Too much water being used for industry meant local people received less water.
  • Paraibuna and Santa Branca reservoirs were declared empty in 2015.
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16
Q

What percentage of Rio’s population didn’t have access to running water?

A

12%

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17
Q

Why were people receiving less water?

A

Too much water was being used for industry

18
Q

What percentage of water is lost and why?

A

37% of water is lost as a result of leaky pipes

19
Q

What was an indicator of water running out?

A
  • Paraibuna and Santa Branca reservoirs ran out in 2015.
20
Q

What were solutions to the water challenges?

A
  • Improving water supplies in the olympic park and favelas.
  • New, canal-style, sewers were introduced to prevent cross contamination between clean and dirty water.
  • Over 300km of pipes were laid.
  • New treatment plants built between 1998 and 2014.
  • By 2014, 95% of the population had mains water supply.
21
Q

What does access to clean water do?

A

Improves the lives of the poor by reducing infant mortality and the spread of waterborne diseases.

22
Q

What are the problems with energy in Rio?

A
  • There is a shortage of electricity, resulting in frequent blackouts.
  • The growing population as well as the world cup + Olympics made the electricity shortage worse.
  • Many of the favela residents illegally use the mains electricity supply, which is unsafe.
23
Q

What were the solutions to energy problems?

A
  • 60km of power lines constructed.
  • New nuclear generator constructed.
  • Development of the Simplicio hydroelectric complex, which increased the electricity supply by 30%.
24
Q

What happened to Brazil in 2015?

A

Recession

25
Q

What is wrong with income distribution in Rio?

A

The richest 1% earn the same as the poorest 50%.

26
Q

What is the unemployment rate in favelas?

A

20%

27
Q

What sector do most people make a living in?

A

Informal

28
Q

Why doesn’t the government benefit off of people working in the informal sector?

A

They don’t pay tax

29
Q

What is it called when a small percentage have most of the money?

A

Income inequality

30
Q

What happens as a result of mass unemployment?

A

People turn to crime to make a living. (Drugs, gangs, etc.)

31
Q

What are the environmental issues in Rio?

A
  • Waste pollution
  • Air pollution
  • Traffic congestion
  • Water pollution
32
Q

What are the causes of Rio’s environmental issues?

A
  • Heavy traffic and congested roads.
  • Higher population means more cars.
  • High crime levels mean people prefer to travel by car.
  • Lots of waste is dumped in rivers.
  • Open sewers flow into freshwater.
  • Steep mountains reduce space.
33
Q

What are the waste problems?

A
  • Difficult to access favelas for waste collection.
  • Waste gets dumped in freshwater supplies, increasing the spread of diseases like cholera.
34
Q

What are the waste solutions?

A
  • New power plant burns methane collected from rotting waste:
    -Consumes 30 tonnes of waste per day.
    -Generates electricity for 1000 homes.
35
Q

What are the traffic congestion problems?

A
  • Lots of steep mountains make travelling difficult.
  • Lots of congested main roads.
  • Few tunnels to access different parts of the city.
  • 40% increased car usage in the last 10 years.
  • High crime rates make people more likely to travel by car.
36
Q

What are the traffic congestion solutions?

A
  • Expansion of metro system.
  • Introducing toll roads to reduce traffic.
  • Making main coastal roads 1 way during rush hour.
37
Q

What are the water problems?

A
  • Threat to wildlife.
  • Commercial fishing declined 90% along Rio’s coastline.
  • Ipanema and Copacabana beach.
  • 55 rivers flowing into the Guanabara bay are polluted.
  • 200 tonnes of raw sewage and 50 tonnes of industrial waste are poured into the Guanabara bay.
38
Q

What are the water solutions?

A
  • 12 new sewage plants set up since 2004, costing $68 million.
  • Ships are fined for discharging fuel into the Guanabara bay.
  • 5km of new sewage pipes are being installed to cover more of the favelas.
39
Q

What are the air problems?

A
  • 5000 deaths per year due to the air quality.
  • Reasons for poor quality air are:
    Heavy traffic
    Industrial activity
    Factory emissions
40
Q

What are the air solutions?

A
  • Reduce the number of cars on the road by encouraging public transport.
  • Carbon capture projects for industrial activities.

Geography (20 decks)

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