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Geography > Natural hazards > Flashcards

Natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Define natural hazard

A

An unexpected or uncontrollable natural event that threatens people

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2
Q

Why are some natural disasters not called hazards?

A

If they are in an area with no population to threaten they aren’t called hazards

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3
Q

What are 6 types of natural disaster?

A

-Hurricane

-Earthquake

-Flood

-Tsunami

-Volcanic eruption

-Avalanche

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4
Q

What factors affect hazard risk?

A

-Population density

-Magnitude and frequency of natural disaster

-The number of people able to cope with the disaster

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5
Q

What are 5 factors that determine how at risk a person is to natural disasters?

A

-Wealth

-Technology

-Gender

-Age

-Governance

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6
Q

Where is my case study for earthquakes in a LIC?

A

Bam, Iran

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7
Q

Where is my case study for earthquakes in a HIC?

A

Amatrice, Italy

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8
Q

Where do earthquakes occur?

A

Along all types of plate boundaries

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9
Q

Where do volcanic eruptions occur?

A

Along constructive and destructive plate boundaries

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10
Q

Along constructive and destructive plate boundaries

A

Subduction

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11
Q

Why do oceanic plates subduct beneath continental plates?

A

Oceanic plates are denser than continental plates because they have water on top of them.

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12
Q

Why do tectonic plates move?

A

convection currents in the mantle

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13
Q

What are convection currents in earths mantle?

A

The flow of magma caused by hot magma rising from the core, cooling and falling back towards the core to be heated up again and the cycle repeats.

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14
Q

Draw a conservative plate boundary

A

When 2 plates slide parallel to one another

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15
Q

Draw a collision plate boundary

A

When 2 continental plates push into each other and fold

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16
Q

Describe a constructive plate boundary

A

Plates moving apart and magma filling the gap

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17
Q

Describe a destructive plate boundary

A

When a continental plate and an oceanic plate collide, the oceanic plate is pushed under the continental plate, dissolving it as it gets pushed into the mantle.

18
Q

What is formed at conservative plate boundaries?

A

-Earthquakes

-NO VOLCANOES

19
Q

What is formed at collision plate boundaries?

A

-Earthquakes

-Fold mountains

-NO VOLCANOES

20
Q

What is formed at constructive plate boundaries?

A

-Earthquakes

-Shield volcanoes

-New crust

21
Q

What is formed at destructive plate boundaries?

A

-Earthquakes

-Mountains

-Composite volcanoes

22
Q

What is the focus?

A

the point within Earth where an earthquake originates

23
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The point on the surface directly above the focus

24
Q

What are seismic waves?

A

vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake

25
Q

What are P (primary) waves?

A

Compressional waves that move faster and through solids, liquids and gases.

26
Q

What are S (secondary) waves?

A

Transverse waves which travel slower and through only solids.

27
Q

What do P and S waves tell us about the earth?

A

Because S waves can’t travel through liquids, it tells us earth has a liquid mantle

28
Q

What is the Richter scale?

A

Measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake

29
Q

How does the Richter scale increase?

A

When it goes up by one, the strength of the earthquake increases by 10x

30
Q

What is the mercalli scale?

A

Measures the earthquake’s impact on people

31
Q

How is the Richter scale measured?

A

On a scale from 1-10 using seismographs

32
Q

How is the mercalli scale measured?

A

On a scale of 1-12 based on human judgement

33
Q

What are the characteristics of a composite volcano?

A

-Steep sided, symmetrical cone shape

-Eg: Mount St Helens, Vesuvius

-High with narrow base

-Alternate layers of lava and ash

-The next eruption is very explosive

-Secondary vents and cones can form

34
Q

What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?

A

-Gentle slopes and wide base

-Eg: Mauna Loa, Kilauea

-Lava flows more easily, travels longer distances before cooling

-Lava may cool inside the vent

-Usually non-violent

-Frequent eruptions of runny lava

35
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

A fast-moving avalanche of hot rock, ash and glass fragments

36
Q

Where are shield volcanoes usually found?

A

Constructive plate boundaires and hotspots because there is a weakness of plates

37
Q

Where are composite volcanoes usually found?

A

Destructive plate boundaries, where there is high pressure from the melting oceanic plate.

38
Q

What are primary effects?

A

The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it.

39
Q

What are secondary effects?

A

Effects that happen later on, often as a result of the primary effects.

40
Q

What is an immediate response?

A

Short-term actions aimed at stopping further injuries and deaths

41
Q

What is a long term response?

A

Responses that go on for months and years after a disaster which involve rebuilding houses, infrastructure, and the economy.

Geography (20 decks)

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