Richard Cromwell and Charles II Flashcards
1
Q
bThird Protectorate Parliament
A
27th Jan - 22nd April 1659
2
Q
Third Protectorate Parliament - What did Richard Cromwell inherit
A
- England’s annual deficit was over £500,000 and army debt stood at £890,000
- Richard summoned the Third Protectorate Parliament for financial aid
3
Q
Debates in Third Protectorate Parliament
A
- Republicans refused to accept Richard as Lord Protector
- Parliament voted to restrict army involvement in politics and limited religious toleration
4
Q
What did the Rump republicans force Richard to do
A
Dissolve parliament on 22nd April and t recall the Rump
5
Q
Rump Reinstated
A
- 7th May 1659
- under army pressure
- Meanwhile Lambert had been given power in the army
The Rump… - Failed to recognise the protectorate
- Purged the army and local government
- Ignored Lambert’s demands for army protection
6
Q
George Booths uprising
A
- August 1659
- Demonstrated Rump support for the army - needed them to crush opposition
7
Q
Fears of army radicalism
A
Quakers feared due to explosion in numbers = 50,000 supporters - Fears of Lambert trying to take over the protectorate with Quaker support
8
Q
Army dissolved the rump
A
- 13th October 1659
- Lambert produced Deby petition expressing anger at Rump’s failure of reform
- Lambert’s army then surrounded Westminster and removed the rump
9
Q
Army Establish the Committee of safety
A
- Army again in power
- this was set up as a provisional government of 23 people
- Seen by the political nation as the army imposing direct rule
10
Q
Monck sends declaration demanding the return of the rump
A
- 20th Oct 1659
- Split in the army - Lambert and the unpaid soldiers VS Monck and the paid soldiers
- Committee dispersed on the 17th Dec 1659 and the country and no government at all for a week
11
Q
Three regiments reinstate the rump
A
- 26th Dec 1659
12
Q
Monck’s army enters England
A
- 1st Jan 1660
- Easily defeated Lambert and entered London on the 3rd Feb
- 21st Feb Monck secures readmission of members purged in Dec 1648 - ensured royalist majority in Commons and Monck reinstated the Lords and the remaining Bishops
13
Q
Declaration of Breda
A
- 4th April 1660 Charles II issued the declaration
- restored and the rule of law monarchy and would respect parliament
- Charles II would collaborate with parliament to ensure full satisfaction of army debts and resolve disputed titles of property
14
Q
First Session of the Convention parliament
A
-,25th April - 13th September 1660
- Strongly pro-parliament were happy to receive the declaration of Breda
- 1st Free parliament since long parliament
15
Q
Convention parliament declares Charles II to be king
A
- 8th May 1660
- Claims he has been king since 30th Jan 1649
16
Q
Charles II enters London
A
29th May 1660
17
Q
What was deemed illegal/void after Charles II took power
A
all acts passed between March 1642 and the restoration in 1660
18
Q
Militia act of May 1661
A
- Armed forces in the king’s hands
- King kept power to appoint ministers of state etc
19
Q
When was popular participation in decisions ended
A
in 1662 with the act against ‘tumultuous petitioning’
20
Q
Continuity with the constitution
A
- Executive power back with the crown
- King had control over the Militia
21
Q
Change with the constitution
A
- Ats passed after Charles I death were void
- Lack of prerogative courts
22
Q
Continuity with the financial settlement
A
- All crown land’s restored
- Charles II granted annual income
- Custom duties one of main way’s king makes his money
23
Q
Change with the financial settlement
A
- Crown given £1.2 million annually which meant parliament had to sit every year giving them more power
- Hearth tax introduced
- Acts of oblivion and indemnity damaged the Kings reputation
24
Q
Continuity in the Monarchs support base
A
- Old fiscal = King expected to live on his own
- Process of decentralisation - Collection of taxes done by local commissionaires
25
Change in the Monarchs Support base
- Militia acts of 1661 and 1662 gave sole command of the militia to the king
- Corporation act of 1661 authorised commissionaires from rural gentry to intervene in affairs of boroughs
26
Continuity in religion
- Charles II head of the church
- Wanted a broader Church similar to that of James I
27
Change in religion
- 1660 declaration to curb bishops power
- Jan 1661 Parliament restored bishops power to the house of Lords
- Cavalier adopted new prayer book which saw 10% of the clergy lost as they wouldn't accept the change
- Clarence Code = Included Quaker act and act of uniformity etc
28
Continuity on Ruling multiple Kingdoms
- 3 Kingdoms allowed to go their own way
- Lords of articles restored in 1663 which allowed the king to control the business of parliament
- Nov 1666 = uprising in Scotland
- 80% of Ireland still disliked Catholicism
29
Change in Ruling multiple Kingdoms
- 14th May 1660 saw Charles II proclaimed as King of Great Britain and Ireland
Navigation act of 1660 excluded Scotland from England's colonial and Continental trade
30
Pros of Charles II character
- Popular with the people
- Tolerant - protecting Quakers and Catholics from oppression etc
- Well educated - 'he had a mechanical head'
31
Cons of Charles II character
- Bad spending habits with lot's of gifts given out etc
- Tended towards absolutism
- Political loyalty could be very poor
32
Clarendon's role in the Civil war
- attended King on campaign during opening stages of the English civil war
- Jan 1645 - supported peace negotiations with at the Uxbridge treaty
- Denounced as King's evil counsellors and banished from pariament
33
Importance of Clarendon to Charles II
- Joined him in 1651 and remained with him - King's most trusted advisor
34
Clarendon after the Restoration
- Lord Chancellor and had strong influence through early years of Charles II reign
- Used as scapegoat for England's defeat at the second Anglo-Dutch war
35
James Duke of York Marriage
- Sept 1660
- Mary's Clarendon's daughter Anne Hyde
36
Venner's uprising
- Jan 1661
- By refusing to manage the parliament he contributed to the growth of opposition in both houses by the mid 1660s
37
Charles II marriage to Catherine of Braganza
- May 1662
- Clarendon denounced for negotiating the treaty - Catherine turned out to be barren = couldn't have kids
38
Sale of Dunkirk
- Oct 1660
- Sold to France for £300,000
- Appeared as a surrender of a symbolic bridgehead that had been gained under Cromwell
39
Declaration of the second Anglo-Dutch war
- March 1665
- Clarendon had warned against this war in 1664
39
Plague epidemic in London
- Summer 1665
- 70,000 recorded deaths
40
Dutch inflict heavy losses on the English
- Summer 1666
- 8000 Killed in 4 days
41
Great firs of London
- Sept 1666
- Streets widened and houses built better
- £3.2 million in damages
42
Pentland uprising
- November 1666
43
Peace negotiations with the Dutch
- Spring 1667
- Large part of the English fleet anchored in Medway
44
Death of Southampton
- May 1667
- Increased Clarendon's political isolation
- New commission attacked Clarendon as an obstacle to administrative innovation
45
Dutch raid of Medway
- June 1667
- Humiliating defeat which sealed Clarendon's fate
46
7th Session of the Cavalier Parliament
- 25-29th July 1667
- Demands for Clarendon's resignation
47
Clarendon resigns
- 30th August
48
8th Session of the Cavalier parliament
- Oct 1667
- Buckingham launched impeachment process which soon broke down
49
Clarendon flees to France
- Nov 1667
- Forbidden from entering England
