Religion under the Personal rule

Question 1

Laudian Reforms - Replacing with set prayers

Answer 1

Intention:
- Reduce scope for preachers to express their personal views
Reaction:
- People left in ignorance and darkness - rituals and services encouraged an emphasis on superstitions at the expense of inner faith

Question 2

Laudian Reforms - Banning weekly lectures

Answer 2

Intention:
- Emphasis on ritual and communal worship - removed opportunity for preachers to express their views
Reaction:
- Puritans felt it went against their religious beliefs

Question 3

Laudian Reforms - Banning the Feoffees

Answer 3

• This was the group of Puritans who owned Parishes
  Intentions:
• Restricts Puritan ministers and gives the king more control
  Reaction:
• Saw as an attack on their property which antagonised the Puritans

Question 4

Laudian Reforms - Decorating churches and using music

Answer 4

Intention:
- Encouraged reference to god and made worship joyful - appealed to the emotions instead of the intellect - ‘inward worship of the heart is the great service of god’
Reaction:
- Encouraged worship of symbols - people didn’t feel close to god

Question 5

Laudian Reforms - Moving and railing off the communion table

Answer 5

Intention:
Attempt to improve the quality of religious provision by creating uniform standards and raisin the quality of the clergy
Reaction:
- Communion that ‘miraculously’ transformed bread and wine into Christ was seen as the return of superstition and idol worship which attached the protestant faith

Question 6

Were the Laudian reforms an attempt at Catholicism

Answer 6

No, however they appeared that way to Puritans etc who saw these measures as an attack on their faith

Question 7

What does Laud want to achieve with these reforms

Answer 7

Beauty of holiness

Question 8

What did Charles do to increase fears of a Catholic threat

Answer 8

• Queen worshipped as a Catholic
• 1637 he welcomed an ambassador from the pope
• Indulging in high church attitudes allowed for Catholics to enter and undermine the Anglican faith

Question 9

What happened to people hat refused to accept the new reforms

Answer 9

Ministers could lose their livings - Laud ensured Bishops carried out regular visits to enforce the kings will - In extreme cases ministers could be sent to the star chamber

Question 10

Case of Burton, Bastwick and Prynne

Answer 10

• 3 Puritans who published pamphlets attacking Laud and the queen
• Sent to star chamber and accused of Sedition (encouraging unrest)
• Sentenced to be branded and have ears cropped - unusual punishment for men of the gentry status

Question 11

How did the lower class react to the Laudian reforms

Answer 11

• Believed a state church was unacceptable - true church consists of a body of believers joining in a voluntary association and governing it’s members by it’s own rules - Led to small congregations taking refuge in Holland

Question 12

How did the moderate Puritans feel

Answer 12

• Wished to remain in the Anglican church - felt the religious and political aims of Charles I posed a risk to England
• Many considered emigration to New England to escape from the Changes

Question 13

What is a Separatist

Answer 13

• Covers a number of religious groups who all wanted the right to establish independent and self-governing religious groups
• Weren’t well known of at the time as they were scattered and secretive

Question 14

What did the Baptists believe

Answer 14

Practised adult baptism by total immersion - based on the story of Jesus being baptised by John the Baptist

Question 15

What did Independents and Congregationalists want

Answer 15

the need for voluntary membership and self-government

Question 16

What were Millenarian ideas

Answer 16

Based on book of revelations - argued that all earthly monarchies would be swept away to allow for the return of Jesus - Events of the 1640s made these ideas more common

Question 17

What happened at St Giles Cathedreal

Answer 17

• Edinburgh, 1637
• Women in the mass threw a stool at the bishop as he read out the new prayer book - sparked riots elsewhere

Question 18

What was the Covenant

Answer 18

A declaration for supporters to sign, made by the Scottish nobility for those who wanted the new prayer book gone

Question 19

How did Charles respond to the defiance of Scottish Covenanters

Answer 19

• Raised an army - Saw those who signed the covenant as traitors
• However, Charles lacked the funds to raise an army so relied on English support - many were reluctant to fight for the king

Question 20

How did the Scottish feel about the war

Answer 20

Committed to their cause - saw the Kirk as an embodiment of both religion and culture and saw the King as ant-Christ - They were fighting to defend their religion

Question 21

Treaty of Berwick

Answer 21

Signed by Charles in 1639 as he realised he couldn’t beat the Scottish - allowed the Scots to decide on their own religious settlement - they immediately abolished the prayer book and Bishops

Question 22

What did Charles demand from the short parliament

Answer 22

• Money to defend the Kingdom from a crisis that he created
• Opposition came from the Earl of Bedford and Lord Montague
• Charles dissolved the parliament quickly - Nathan Finnes was in contact with the Scottish parliament which Charles knew - Finnes led opposition against Charles
• The parliament only sat for the April

Question 23

Second Bishops war - What did Charles do that showed he was out of touch

Answer 23

Borrowed from Catholics and used Catholic officers to fight against the Scots

Question 24

How did the English army do during the Second Bishops war

Answer 24

Under-equipped and unenthusiastic - the Scots were able to enter England

Question 25

Treaty of Ripon

Answer 25

Payment by Charles of £850 daily and to postpone further negotiations to end the war until parliament met - Charles accepted the need to call a new parliament