Richard and John-The Third Crusade

Question 1

Give 3 reasons why king richard went on the 3rd crusade

Answer 1

• to gain a reputation as a strong christian warrior
• pilgrimage to the most holy place in christianity
• full indulgence (papal bull)

Question 2

Give 3 reasons why each of these groups went on the 3rd crusade
a)barons and knights b)freemen c)peasants

Answer 2

a) debts would be cancelled, avoid paying the saladin tithe, chance to show military ability
b) cancel debts, avoid paying saladin tithe, chance to take land and make money
c) wives of some may go and cook for the crusaders, servants to feudal lords as duty, full indulgence

Question 3

Give 3 negatives of the reasons surrounding the 3rd crusade

Answer 3

• cost of crusade, ransom and saladin tithe heavily resented
• christian fanaticism surrounding the crusade may explain the jewish pogroms (1189-1190)
• family members had to manage land for absent lords

Question 4

Give 3 details of the crusading army

Answer 4

• churchmen e.g archbishop of canterbury
• clerks e.g. roger of howden
• 17000 men lead by Richard, Philip of France, and frederick barbarossa

Question 5

explain the 3 causes of the 3rd crusade

Answer 5

• there were rumours of mistreatment by muslims of christians
• pope gregory issued a papal bull in 1187 offering full indulgence to anyone who took part in the 3rd crusade
• Muslim leader saladin took control of jerusalem after the battle of hattin (1187)

Question 6

List 4 details of the battle of Acre (july 1191)

Answer 6

• acre was an important muslim port city that had been besieged by christian crusaders for 2 years
• richard used catapults to take over the city
• saladin promised to hand over ships, seige weapons, 200,000 gold coins, prisoners and the True Cross
• saladin didn’t keep his promise so richard executed 2,700 muslim prisoners

Question 7

List 4 details of the battle of arsuf (September 1191)

Answer 7

• Richards army marched from acre to jaffa
• they continued to be supplied by ships sailing by
• saladin men threatened and attempted to trick and lead soldiers astray, but richard ordered his soldiers to stay in formation
• two soldiers accidentally charged, richard ordered all of his soldiers to charge, this quick thinking won the battle

Question 8

Give 2 advantages and disadvantages of how military/power impacted the 3rd crusade

Answer 8

• richard arranged a truce with saladin, meaning that christains could go on free pilgrimage to jerusalem
• richard had amazing victories at acre and arsuf
• there was still a failure to recapture jerusalem
• john took the throne when richard was gone and started attacking richards french lands

Question 9

Give 3 reasons why Richard and Phillip II quarrelled

Answer 9

• richard paid his soldiers more due to the money
• richard was a vigorous warrior that won acre, whereas philip was sick with his hair and teeth falling out
• richard claimed he would split conquests 50/50 but he took cyprus for himself

Question 10

Give 2 reasons why richard failed to recapture jerusalem

Answer 10

• on the second march it was hot with limited water supplies

- richard heard of john’s rebellion in england and needed to return

Question 11

Give 2 reasons why richard was captured

Answer 11

• He angered leopold, duke of austria when he tore down his banner
• many european nobles were digusted when they found out of the possibility of richard killing conrad de montferrat to stop him becoming king of jerusalem

Question 12

List the 6 groups of people that donated money for richard’s ransom

Answer 12

• landowners
• jews
• All freemen (inc knights and barons)
• The church
• king of scotland
• cistercian monks

Question 13

List 2 negative outcomes of richards ransom

Answer 13

• englands finances had still not recovered when john became king
• It was especially bad to raise money for the ransom as englaind had already paid for the crusades aswell

Question 14

Give 2 reasons for each of the factoors as to why richard kept normandy (1194-1199)

Answer 14

Military:
- richard won a series of siege victories meaning that philip had to withdraw troops from aquitaine
-richard built chateau galliard, this enabled him to beat phillip at gisors in 1198
Relationships:
-richard forgave john, so john turned against philip at eurveux
-john turned richards neighbours against him
Finance:
-richard bribed philips vassals to turn against him
richad used a trae embargo to persuade the count of flanders to support him