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rhs Flashcards

1
Q

radiation

A

A form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles

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2
Q

x-radiation

A

a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube

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3
Q

x-ray

A

A beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on receptors (photographic film or digital sensors)

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4
Q

Radiology

A

The science or study of radiation as used in medicine; a branch of medical science that deals with the therapeutic use of x-rays, radioactive substances, and other forms of radiant energy

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5
Q

Radiograph

A

an image or picture produced on a receptor (radiation-sensitive film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) by exposure to ionizing radiation; a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object

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6
Q

Dental radiograph

A

A photographic image produced on film by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures

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7
Q

Radiography

A

The art or science of making radiographs by the exposure of film to x-rays

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8
Q

Dental radiography

A

The production of radiographs of the teeth and adjacent structures by the exposure of an image receptor to x-rays

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9
Q

Dental radiographer

A

Any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray image receptors

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10
Q

Image

A

a picture or likeness of an object

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11
Q

Image receptor

A

A recording medium; examples include x-ray film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor

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12
Q

Dental imaging

A

the creation of digital, print, or film representations of anatomic structures for the purpose of diagnosis

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13
Q

What is one of the most important uses of dental images?

A

detection (of diseases and conditions that cannot be identified clinically)

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14
Q

Who discovered the X-ray?

A

Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895

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15
Q

X =

A

unknown

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16
Q

Fluorescence

A

a glow that results when a fluorescent substance is struck by light, cathode rays, or x-rays

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17
Q

Who built the first vacuum tube?

A

Heinrich Geissler in 1838

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18
Q

Hand mit Ringen ( hand with rings)

A

the first “medical” x-ray performed by Roentgen

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19
Q

Cathode rays

A

streams of electrons that are produced when a high voltage is applied to electrodes in an evacuated tube: (Johann Hittorf)

originate in an x-ray tube

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20
Q

Who made the first dental radiograph?

A

Otto Walkhoff, 1895

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21
Q

Describe the first hot-cathode x-ray tube

A

a high vacuum tube that contained a tungsten filamen

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22
Q

Who developed the first hot cathode x-ray tube?

A

William Coolidge,1913

the prototype for all modern x-ray tubes

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23
Q

What served as the precursor for all modern dental x-ray machines?

A

a mini version of the x-ray tube that was placed inside the head of an x-ray machine and immersed in oil

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24
Q

Do fast films require a short or long exposure time?

A

short, which reduces patient exposure to radiation

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25
Q

Bisecting technique

A

x-ray technique that applies the geometric principle in which the central ray bisects the angle formed by the dental film and the long axis of the tooth

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26
Q

Paralleling technique

A

x-ray technique, also known as the right-angle technique, whereby the film and tooth and PID are parallel

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27
Q

Bite-wing technique

A

Also known as the interproximal technique is used to examine the interproximal surfaces of teeth.

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28
Q

What extraoral technique is most used often in dentistry?

A

panoramic radiography

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29
Q

Panoramic radiograph

A

shows all of the structures in both dental arches in a single film

Commonly known as a panorex

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30
Q

What does digital imaging allow for?

A

instant and easy transmission of images and electronic storage

reduces patient exposure to radiation and chemical waste

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31
Q

what do atoms consist of?

A

a central nucleus and orbiting electrons

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32
Q

what is the identity of an atom determined by?

A

the composition of its nucleus and the arrangement of its orbiting electrons

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33
Q

electrons

A

Tiny, negatively charged particles that have very little mass

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34
Q

what is the nucleus composed of?

A

protons and neutrons

occupies very little space in the atom

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35
Q

protons carry

A

positive electrical charges

36
Q

neutrons carry

A

no electrical charge

37
Q

atomic weight is determined by?

A

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

38
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons inside the nucleus = the number of electrons outside the nucleus

39
Q

Which shell is located closest to the nucleus and has the highest energy level?

A

K shell

40
Q

elements

A

substances made up of only one type of atom

41
Q

the binding energies of orbital electrons are measured in?

A

electron volts (eV) or kilo electron volts (keV)

42
Q

molecules are formed by

A

the transfer of electrons OR by the sharing of electrons between the outermost shells of atoms

43
Q

ion

A

an atom that gains or loses an electron and becomes electrically unbalanced

44
Q

Ionization

A

the process of converting an atom into ions

45
Q

what does ionization deal with?

A

electrons; requires sufficient energy to overcome the electrostatic force that binds the electron to the nucleus

46
Q

what is the results in an ion pair?

A

when an electron is removed from an atom in the ionization process

47
Q

the atom becomes the – ion and the ejected electron becomes the — ion

A

positive, negative

48
Q

Radioactivity

A

the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state

49
Q

T/F: in dentistry radiation/x-radiation is used, not radioactivity

A

True

50
Q

Ionization radiation

A

radiaition that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom

51
Q

Particulate radiation

A

tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds

52
Q

Which type of energy do particulate radiations transmit?

A

kinetic energy

by means of their extremely fast-moving, small masses

53
Q

four types of particulate radiations

A

alpha particle, electron (beta & cathode rays), protons, and neutrons

54
Q

alpha particle

A

emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals and exist as two protons and neutrons, without electrons

55
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

the propagation of wavelike energy (without mass) through space and matter

the energy propogated is followed by oscillating electric & magnetic fie

56
Q

T/F: Electromagnetic raditions are machine made and occur unnaturally

A

false; man made and occur naturally

57
Q

what are examples of electromagnetic radiations?

A

gamma rays, x-rays, visible light, microwaves, radiowaves

58
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

electromagnetic radiations arranged according to their energies

59
Q

do all energies of the electromagnetic spectrum share common characteristics?

A

yes!

60
Q

T/F: only high energy radiations are capable of ionization

A

True

ie. gamma rays and x-rays

61
Q

Particle concept

A

characterized electromagnetic radiations as discrete bundles of energy called photons or quanta

62
Q

Photons

A

bundles of energy with no mass or weight that travel as waves at the speed of light and move through space in a straight line “carrying the energy” of electromagnetic radiation

63
Q

Wave concept

A

characterizes electromagnetic radiations as waves and focuses on the properties of velocity, wavelength, and frequency

64
Q

velocity

A

speed of the wave

travels as waves as the speed of light in a vaccum

65
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next

determines the energy and penetrating power of the radiation

66
Q

the shorter the distance between the crests,

A

the shorter the wavelength and the higher the energy and ability to penetrate matter

67
Q

wavelength is measured in?

A

nanometers (nm; 1 x 10^-9) for short waves and meters (m) for longer waves

68
Q

frequency

A

the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

69
Q

T/F: frequency and waves are inversely related

A

True

if the freq of the wave is high, the wavelength will be short & vice ver

70
Q

What does diagnostic radiography use?

A

high frequency, shorter waves

71
Q

properties of x-rays: appearance

A

x-rays are invisible

72
Q

properties of x-rays: mass

A

x-rays have no mass or weight

73
Q

properties of x-rays: charge

A

x-rays have no charge

74
Q

properties of x-rays: speed

A

x-rays travel at the speed of light

75
Q

properties of x-rays: wavelength

A

x-rays travel in waves and have short wavelengths with a high frequency

76
Q

properties of x-rays: path of travel

A

x-rays travel in straight lines and can be deflected, or scattered

77
Q

properties of x-rays: focusing capability

A

x-rays cannot be focused to a point and always diverge from a point

78
Q

properties of x-rays: penetrating power

A

x-rays can penetrate liquids, solids, and gases

the composition of the substance determines whether x-rays penetrate or

79
Q

properties of x-rays: absorption

A

x-rays are absorbed by matter; the absorption depends on the atomic structure of matter and the wavelength of the x-ray

80
Q

properties of x-rays: ionization capability

A

x-rays interact with materials they penetrate and cause ionization

81
Q

properties of x-rays: fluorescence capabality

A

x-rays can cause certain substances to fluorescence or emit radiation in longer wavelengths (ie. visible light and ultra violet light)

82
Q

properties of x-rays: effect on receptor

A

x-rays can produce an image on a receptor

83
Q

properties of x-rays: effect on living tissues

A

x-rays can cause biologic changes in living cells

84
Q

component parts of a dental x-ray machine

A

control panel, extension arm, and tubehead

85
Q

control panel contains

A

an on-off switch, indicator light(2), exposure button, and control devices to regulate the x-ray beam

86
Q

extension arm contains

A

suspends the x-ray tubehead and houses the electrical wires that extend from the control panel to the tubehead

allows for movement and positioning of the tubehead

87
Q
A

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