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intraoral imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Size (0) receptor

A

used for children

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2
Q

Size (1) receptor

A

used for children and adult anteriors

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3
Q

Size (2) receptor

A

used for adult bitewings and periapicals. Also used for children’s occlusal images

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4
Q

Size (3) receptor

A

longer version of the bitewing, only one image is taken on each side.

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5
Q

Size (4) receptor

A

used for occlusal techniques

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6
Q

Periapical (PA)

A

captures the crown, CEJ, root, and surrounding areas

Used mainly for diagnosis of periodontal disease, pathology, endodontic therapy, and implants

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7
Q

Bitewing (BWX)

A

captures the crown, contact, and height of alveolar bone of posterior teeth

  • Used mainly for diagnosis of dental caries (only interproximal)
  • Vertical bitewings can detect early periodontal disease if the bone level is visible
  • The occlusal plane should be parallel to the floor. The x-ray tube should have a +10 degree vertical angulation
  • The premolar bitewing image should include the distal half of the canines, both premolars, and the first molar
  • The molar view should be centered over the second molar
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8
Q

Occlusal

A

captures remnants of roots (extracted), supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, fractures, clefting, bone surrounding the teeth, floor of the mouth, sialolith (stone), and shape of the arch of a larger area

  • Patient gently bites on the receptor with the maxillary and mandibular teeth
  • Useful when patient has limited jaw opening
  • # 4 receptor is used for adults while #2 receptor is used for children
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9
Q

Full-mouth series (FMX)

A

represent the entire dentition using a combination of PAs and BWs

usually 16-20 images (12 PAs and 4-6 BWX); varies by patient

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10
Q

Bitewings are not needed for what?

A

Edentulous dentition

loss of all dentition

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11
Q

Bisecting technique

A

based on the rule of isometry (two triangles are equal when they share one complete side and have two equal angles)
- The primary beam hits at a 90° angle to the bisected line

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12
Q

Bisecting Line

A

created by film and long axis of the tooth

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13
Q

bisecting technique

where is the receptor placed?

A

directly against the teeth to be exposed and this creates an angle between the receptor and long axis of the tooth

Draw an imaginary bisecting line of this angle

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14
Q

does the bisecting techique produce more distortion than the paralleling technique?

A

yes, because of the position of the palate and the difficulty of visualizing the bisecting line

the bisecting technique is an alternative to a paralleling technique for patients with a small mouth, tori, or shallow palate

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15
Q

Angulations

canines

A

+45 to +55 (maxillary), -20 to -30 (mandibular

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16
Q

Angulations

incisors

A

+40 to +50 (maxillary), -15 to -25 (mandibular)

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17
Q

Angulations

premolars

A

+30 to +40 (maxillary), -10 to -15 (mandibular)

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18
Q

Angulations

molars

A

+20 to +30 (maxillary), -5 to 0 (mandibular)

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19
Q

Paralleling technique

A

(long-cone, right-angle technique)
the receptor is parallel to the long axis of the tooth

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20
Q

T/F

the paralleling technique provides more accurate image with less distortion than bisecting technique

A

True

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21
Q

how is the receptor positioned when using a paralleling technique?

A

the receptor is positioned farther from the tooth surface, which therefore creates magnification, but this can be compensated by an increased tube-to-tooth distance

22
Q

Paralleling technique

at what angle should the primary beam hit the receptor and at what axis of the tooth?

A

90 degree angle, long axis

23
Q

Paralleling technique

where are the x-ray beams directed through?

A

the contact areas (between teeth)

24
Q

who is the paralleling technique not feasible for?

A

patients with a shallow palate, tori, or small mouth

25
Q

occlusal techniques

Mandibular occlusal technique

A

head tilted backward, negative 55° vertical angulation

Central rays are directed through the chin

26
Q

occlusal techniques

Maxillary occlusal technique

A

occlusal plane parallel to the floor, positive 65° vertical angulation

Central rays are directed through the tip of the nose

27
Q

occlusal techniques

Cross-sectional maxillary occlusal technique

A

occlusal plane parallel to the floor

Beams are perpendicular to the receptor & directed between the *eyebrows

28
Q

occlusal techniques

Cross-sectional mandibular occlusal technique

A

head tilted backward until the ala-tragus (“ala” meaning side of the nose, “tragus” meaning flap of the ear) line is almost perpendicular to the floor

Beams are perpendicular to the receptor & directed *inferior to the chin

29
Q

buccal object rule

slob: same lingual, opposite buccal

A

Shows whether an artifact is lingual or buccal. A radiograph is a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional space. Therefore, a bitewing or PA only shows the anteroposterior location of the artifact

Two images needed, whether they are PA or BWX. The second image is taken from a different horizontal or vertical angulation

30
Q

slob

why should the two images be compared?

A

to see if the artifact moves towards the same or opposite direction compared to the change in the tube head position

31
Q

object is located lingually if?

A

Tube head and object moved in the same direction

32
Q

object is located bucally if?

A

Tube head and object moved in the opposite direction

33
Q

Patient Positioning

A
  • Patient must sit upright
  • Adjust the headrest to support the patient’s head
  • Secure the lead apron and thyroid collar
  • For bitewings, the occlusal plane should be parallel to the floor
  • Maxillary arch exposure: head is upright
  • Mandibular arch exposure: head is tipped back slightly
  • Angulation positioning device can help align the x-ray beams to the receptor. If a bitewing tab is used, the clinician needs to determine the horizontal and vertical angulation.
34
Q

Assembly

A
  • Assemble the receptor holding kit with clean gloved hands
  • Allow the patient to observe the process to demonstrate proper infection control measures
  • With digital sensor, use a plastic barrier to cover the sensor
35
Q

technique errors

Overlap

A

inappropriate horizontal angulation → direct beams through contacts

36
Q

technique errors

Foreshortening

A

too much vertical angulation → decrease angulation

37
Q

technique errors

Elongation

A

too little vertical angulation → increase angulation.

38
Q

technique errors

Circular white border

A

cone cut → PID should cover the entire surface of the film

39
Q

Amalgam

A

completely radiopaque

40
Q

Gold

A

completely radiopaque, even in crown, inlay, and onlay

41
Q

Retention Pins

A

radiopaque, used to stabilize the radiograph

42
Q

Base material

A

slightly radiopaque, used to protect the pulp

43
Q

Gutta-perch

A

slightly radiopaque, substance that fills tooth canals

44
Q

Silver point

A

radiopaque, used to obliterate canals during endodontic therapy

45
Q

Composite

A

radiopaque, the density of opacity varies with the composition of the material

46
Q

Porcelain

A

slightly radiopaque

47
Q

Orthodontics

A

radiopaque

48
Q

Implants

A

radiopaque, resembles a screw

49
Q

PFM

porcelain fused to metal

A

radiopaque, the underlying layer is metal

50
Q

Which anatomical landmark can potentially be seen with periapicals of the maxillary central incisors?

A

median palatine suture

the union of the two horizontal palatal plates and appears as a thin radiolucent line between the maxillary central incisors

51
Q

Panoramic imaging

A

useful for assessing trauma or development of the jaw, but they may not provide enough clarity for detecting signs related to periodontal diseases or carious lesions

52
Q

Failing to have the x-ray beam in a position that’s perpendicular to the receptor in a paralleling technique will result in?

A

foreshortening and elongation

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