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da license > Radiation Safety > Flashcards

Radiation Safety Flashcards

1
Q

Although dental radiographs use a very small amount of radiation, can harmful effects still occur?

A

Yes, It is important to understand the risks and address them with patients

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2
Q

All ionizing radiation is — and produces — changes in living tissues

A

Harmful, biological

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3
Q

Ionization can cause disruption, which leads to?

A

temporary and/or permanent damage

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4
Q

Direct theory

A

radiation damages the protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and DNA molecule of a cell and causes cell death

  • accounts for 1/3 of radiation-induced biological damage
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5
Q

Indirect theory

A

radiation interacts with the cells’ water content (H2O) and produces free radicals

  • accounts for approximately 2/3 of radiation-induced biologic damage, proportional to the body’s water content (60-80% water)
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6
Q

Free radicals are mostly which elements? Are they stable?

A

H and OH; they are highly unstable

They interact with each other and produce toxins such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

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7
Q

Latent period

A

time between radiation exposure and observed clinical effect

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8
Q

Acute exposure

A

occurs when a large dose of radiation is absorbed in a short period (e.g., nuclear exposure)

(high doses of radiation to the whole body may result in nausea, diarrhea, fever, hair loss, and death)

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9
Q

Chronic exposure

A

occurs when small doses of radiation are absorbed over time

  • the effects may not be visible for an extended amount of time
  • low doses of radiation received over a long period may result in cancers
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10
Q

Exposure of the entire body results in?

A

more severe biological effects

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11
Q

Long-term effect

A

may occur months, years, or decades following exposure

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12
Q

Cumulative effects

A

exposure to radiation has a cumulative effect over a life time

some tissues can repair themselves but some will stay damaged

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13
Q

Recovery period

A

repair period

Most injuries from low-dose radiation are repaired naturally

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14
Q

Somatic effect

A

injury to the person being affected

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15
Q

Genetic effect

A

injury to the future generation

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16
Q

Stochastic effect

A

probability of the occurrence increases with dose, but the severity is not dependent on the dose (e.g., cancer)

(all or nothing - a person either has or doesn’t have the condition)

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17
Q

Non-stochastic effect (deterministic)

A

severity of the damage is dependent on the dose (e.g., loss of hair)

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18
Q

Highly-sensitive cells

A

immature cells, quickly-dividing cells, younger person’s cells

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19
Q

Less-sensitive cells

A

highly-specialized cells, mature cells, slowly-dividing cells

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20
Q

Cell types in order of most sensitive to least sensitive

A
  • Small lymphocytes, blood-forming (bone marrow) cells, reproductive cells, intestines

-Skin, lens of eye, oral mucosa

-Connective tissue, immature bone, blood

-Mature bone, salivary gland, thyroid, kidney, liver

-Muscle, nerve

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21
Q

Most sensitive parts of a cell

A

DNA and Chromosomes

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22
Q

Critical organs

A

organs that are more sensitive to radiation

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23
Q

CO: Thyroid

A

adult thyroid glands are fairly resistant to radiation while children’s thyroid glands are sensitive

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24
Q

CO: Bone Marrow

A

exposure to a large amount of radiation can cause leukemia

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25
Q

CO: Skin

A

radiation can cause erythema (redness)

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26
Q

Background radiation

A

radiation encountered in daily living arising from natural and artificial sources

27
Q

natural sources of radiation

A

radon cosmic radiation, terrestrial radiation, etc.

  • Accounts for most of background radiation exposure
  • 20-images full-mouth survey taken with F-speed films and rectangular collimation is equivalent to 1-2 days of background radiation
28
Q

Radon

A

a gas released from the ground and decaying material that releases radiation energy that penetrates every aspect of our environment (house, soil, etc.) and combines with dust, which can be inhaled

29
Q

Artificial sources of radiation

A

Majority come from from medical assessments (not dental assessments)

CT scans emit 100 times more radiation energy than a dental radiograph

Other sources include: television sets, smoke alarms, building materials, etc

30
Q

Dental radiation is responsible for — of the total exposure from medical imaging

A

1-5%

31
Q

Dental exposure is similar to?

A

doses received during a cross-country airplane flight

32
Q

What are the two systems used to measure the amount of radiation?

A

Standard (traditional) and Systeme Internationale (newer)

33
Q

Standard units include:

A

Roentgen

Rad: Radiation absorbed dose

Rem: Roentgen equivalence in man

34
Q

SI units include:

A

C/kg: Coulombs per kilogram
Gy: Gray
Sv: Sievert

35
Q

Both units follow these specific conversions

A

1 Sv = 100 rem
1 Gy = 100 rad

Milli (m) is equal to 1000, therefore 1000 mrem = 1 rem

36
Q

Exposure

A

quantity of ionization in the air

  • the measurement is taken at the skin surface before radiation penetrates the tissues
  • measured in Roentgen (Standard system) or Coulomb (SI system)
37
Q

Absorbed dose

A

amount of radiation absorbed by an object

  • depending on the material, the amount of radiation absorbed will vary
  • measured in Rad (Standard system) or Gray (SI system)
38
Q

Dose equivalent

A

absorbed dose “adjusted” to the biological damage potential of the particular type of radiation

  • some types of radiation produce greater effects than others
  • measured in Rem (Standard system) or Sievert (SI system)
39
Q

Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)

A

Defined by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

40
Q

Is the dose of radiation expected to produce any significant radiation effects?

A

No

41
Q

What is the MPD for an occupational person?

A

5 rem/year (5000 mrem), or 50 mSv/year
* 00 rem = 1 Sv; 1 rem = 0.01 Sv; 5 rem = 0.05 Sv = 50 mSv

42
Q

MPD for a non-occupational person

A

10% of worker amount, or 0.5 rem (500 mrem), or 5 mSv/year

43
Q

Maximum accumulated lifetime dose

A

5 rem x N - 18 (N = age)

44
Q

For pregnant patients, use?

A

non-occupational dose

45
Q

ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

A

exposure should be kept to a minimum and benefits should outweigh the risks for the patien

46
Q

Dental radiographs should be carefully prescribed depending on?

A

the patient’s age and risk level for oral diseases

47
Q

Should “routine” radiographs be taken?

A

No

48
Q

Dosimeter

A

receptor badge that measures exposure to radiation

Worn at waist level

49
Q

New Patient

Primary dentition

A

selected periapical/occlusal views and/or posterior bitewings if proximal surfaces cannot be visualized or probed

50
Q

New PT

Which type of patients may not require a radiographic exam?

A

Patients without evidence of disease and with open proximal contacts
* child dentition is more spread out, which usually allows the probe to detect the interproximal surfaces

51
Q

New PT

Mixed dentition (after eruption of first permanent tooth)

A

posterior bitewings with panoramic exam; or posterior bitewings and selected periapicals

52
Q

New PT

Adolescent

A

posterior bitewings with panoramic exam; or posterior bitewings and selected periapicals

53
Q

New PT

A full-mouth intraoral radiographic exam is preferred when?

A

the patient has clinical evidence of generalized dental disease or a history of extensive dental treatment

54
Q

Recall PT

T/F: Radiographs should be taken every 6 months regardless of the patient’s condition

A

False; should not
Examine the patient’s caries risk and determine the interval

55
Q

Recall PT

Radiographs should be taken?

A

only if the interproximal surface cannot be examined with an instrument or visually

56
Q

Recall PT

High caries risk

A

posterior bitewing examination at 6 to 12-month intervals for children and adults

57
Q

Recall PT

Low caries risk

A

posterior bitewing examination at 12 to 24-month intervals (children), 18 to 36-month intervals (adolescents)

58
Q

Periodontal Diseases & Growth Development

A

Clinical judgment should determine the need for and type of radiographic images

59
Q

If adolescents are developing 3rd molars?

A

panoramic examination may be needed

60
Q

Clinical Positioning

A
  • Never stand in the line of the primary beam
  • Clinician should stand behind a protective wall
  • If a wall is not available, stand at least 6 feet from the source of radiation, at a 90-135° angle from the beam
  • Clinician should never hold the tube head or receptor in the patient’s mouth during exposure. If assistance is required, a parent or guardian should be shielded and allowed to help the patient
61
Q

Dosimeter

A
  • Measures the amount of occupational exposure
  • Most commonly worn as a badge that contains a receptor package
  • The badge should be worn at all times by the professional at work.
  • Every 3-4 weeks, the badge is sent for review
62
Q

Equipment Monitoring

A

Dental radiographic machines should be inspected regularly to identify leakage

62
Q

Digital radiography requires a – amount of radiation compared to receptor and is therefore considered –

A

lesser; safer

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