Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DIT Phase II Chapters > Rheumatology and Dermatology > Flashcards

Rheumatology and Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

Nonepithelial/Nonjunctional Adhesion Mechanisms

A
  • Cadherins
  • ICAMs
  • Integrins
  • Selectins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hemidesmosome, cadherin, integrin, ICAM-l. Which joins only cells of the same type and does not attach cells to the basement membrane?

A

Cadherins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fibroblasts are involved in which tissues?

A
  • Stimulated by tissue damage
  • Involved in Collagen
  • Glycosaminoglycans
  • Reticular and elastic fibers
  • Glycoproteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Melanin-producing cells
  • Located in the stratum basale (bottom layer) of the epidermis
  • Responsible for skin color
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Energy Exchange That Takes Place at the Skin

A
  • UV light is used to generate vitamin D
  • Melanocytes displace UV light as heat
  • Bilirubin is converted
  • Dendritic cells process antigens
  • Mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy by nerve endings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Macule

A

Flat discoloration < 1cm (ie Tinea versicolor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Patch

A

Macule (flat discoloration) > 1cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Papule

A
  • Elevated skin lesion < 1 cm
  • example: Acne vulgaris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plaque

A
  • Papule> 1 cm
  • example: Psoriasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vesicle

A
  • Small fluid-containing blister
  • example: Chickenpox
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Wheal

A
  • Transient vesicle
  • example: Hives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bulla

A
  • Large fluid-containing blister
  • Example: Bullous pemphigoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Keloid

A
  • Irregular, raised lesion resulting from scar tissue
  • example: T pertenue (yaws)
  • Follows trauma to skin, especially in African-Americans
  • Usually upper chest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pustule

A

Blister containing pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Crust

A
  • Dried exudates from a vesicle, bulla, or pustule
  • Example: Impetigo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A
  • ↑ thickness of stratum corneum
  • Psoriasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parakeratosis

A
  • Hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei in stratum corneum
  • Psoriasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acantholysis

A
  • Separation of epidermal cells
  • Pemphigus vulgaris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

**Acanthosis **

A

Epidermal hyperplasia (↑ spinosum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Verrucae

A
  • Warts
  • Soft, tan-colored, cauliflower-like lesions.
  • Epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis,koilocytosis.
  • Verruca vulgaris on hands;
  • Condyloma acuminatum on genitals (caused by HPV 6 and 11)
22
Q

Nevocellular nevus

A
  • Common mole
  • Benign
23
Q

Urticaria

A
  • Intensely pruritic wheals that form after mast cell degranulation
24
Q

Ephelis

A
  • Freckle
  • Normal number of melanocytes
  • ↑melanin pigment
25
Q

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

A
  • Pruritic eruption, commonly on skin flexures
  • Often associated with other atopic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis)
26
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis

A
  • Type IV hypersensitivity reaction that follows exposure to allergen
  • Lesions occur at site of contact
27
Q

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) Treatment

A
  • Switching to a moisturizing soap (Dove, Aveeno) and adding an OTC emollient may be all that is needed for maintenance and mild cases;
  • Calcineurin inhibitors: tacrolimus (Protopic) or pimecrolimus (Elidel);
  • Topical Steroids
  • Antibiotics for open lesions (cover Staph. aureus and Strep. spp.);
  • Antihistamines
  • Leukotriene inhibitors (Montelukast) — theoretical efficacy supported by weak studies;
  • UV light therapy
  • Systemic steroids (1-2mg/kg/d in children then taper) only in severe cases and only for short duration;
  • For very severe cases, consider methotrexate, cyclosporin, azathioprine
28
Q

Psoriasis

A
  • Papules aiid plaques with silvery scaling, especially on knees and elbows
  • Acanthosis with parakeratotic scaling (nuclei still in stratum corneum)
  • ↑ stratum spinosum, ↓stratum granulosum
  • Auspitz sign (bleeding spots when scales are scraped off)
  • Can be associated with nail pitting and psoriatic arthritis
29
Q

Acne Pathophysiology and Treatment

A
  • Hyperkeratosis - Isotretinoin (Vitamin A derivatives)
  • Sebum overproduction - Estrogen, Spirinolactone
  • Propionibacterium acnes proliferation - Topical - Benzoyl Peroxide, Antibiotics - Erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, clyndamycin
  • Inflammation - Inject with steroids
30
Q

A pregnant patient comes to the clinic complaining of new dark pigmentation on her face. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Melasma

31
Q

What are some of the hallmark features of necrotizing fasciitis? What organism causes this infection?

A
  • Rapidly spreading cellulitis
  • Tenderness beyond red border
  • Strep pyogenes (GAS)
32
Q

What organism causes painless white patches on the tongue that cannot be scraped off?

A

EBV - oral hairy leukoplakia

33
Q

What is a lesion of excessive collagen deposition especially around the face ears, neck or upper chest called?

A

Keloid

34
Q

What organism is responsible for acne vulgaris?

A

Propionibacterium acnes

35
Q

Seborrheic keratosis

A
  • **Flat, greasy, pigmented squamous epithelial proliferation with keratin-filled cysts (horn cysts) **
  • Looks “pasted on”
  • Lesions occur on head, trunk, and extremities
  • Common benign neoplasm of older persons
  • Sign of Leser-Trélat - sudden appearance of multiple seborrheic keratoses indicating an underlying malignancy (e.g., CI, lymphoid).
  • Melanoma part of DDx
36
Q

Impetigo

A
  • Very superficial skin infection
  • Usually from S. aureus or S. pyogenes
  • Highly contagious
  • Honey-colored crusting
37
Q

Cellulitis

A
  • Acute, painful spreading infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissues.
  • Usually from S. pyogenes or S. aureus.
38
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

A
  • Deeper tissue injury, usually from anaerobic bacteria and S. pyogenes
  • Results in crepitus from methane and CO2 production
  • “Flesh- eating bacteria”
39
Q

Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome (SSSS)

A
  • Exotoxin destroys keratinocyte attachments in the stratum granulosum only
  • Characterized by fever and generalized erythematous rash with sloughing of the upper layers of the epidermis.
  • Seen innewborns and children
40
Q

Hairy leukoplakia

A
  • White, painless plaques on the tongue that cannot be scraped off.
  • EBV mediated.
  • Occurs in HIV positive patients.
41
Q

Blistering skin disordes

A
  • Pemphigus vulgaris - IgG against desomosomes, Acantholysis - intraepidermal bullae causing flaccid blister involving skin and oral mucosa, Positive Nikolsky
  • Bullous pemphiogoid - Autoimmune disorder IgG against hemidesomsomes, antibodies are “bullow” the epiidermis, Spares oral mucosa, Negative Nikolsky
  • Dermatitis herpetiformis - pruritic papules and vesicles deposits of IgA at tip of dermal papillae - celiac disease
  • Erythema multiforme - Infections (M. pneumoniae, HSV), drugs, cancer, autoimmune, macules, papules, vesicles, target lesions
  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome - Fever, bulla and necrosis, sloughing of skin, Drugs - Seizure meds, sulfa, penicillins, allopurinol.
  • TEN worse form >30% skin sloughing/necrosis
42
Q

Lichen Planus

A
  • Pruritic
  • Purple
  • Polygonal
  • Papules
  • Sawtooth infiltrate of lymphocytes at the dermal-epidermal junction
  • Treat w/ 5-FU
43
Q

Actinic keratosis

A
  • Premalignant lesions caused by sun exposure
  • Small, rough, erythematous or brownish papules
  • “Cutaneous horn”
  • Risk of carcionoma proportional to epithelial dysplasia
44
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A
  • Hyperplasia of stratum spinosum
  • Associated with hyperinsulinemia (Cushing’s disease, diabetes)
  • Visceral malignancy
45
Q

Erythema nodosum

A
  • Inflammatory lesions of subcutaneous fat
  • Usually on anterior shins
  • Associated with coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, TB, leprosy, streptococcal infections, sarcoidosis
46
Q

Pityriasis rosea

A
  • “Herald patch” (2-10cm oval read patch) Followed days later by “Christmas tree” distribution
  • Multiple papular eruptions
  • Remits spontaneously
  • Strawberry and cherry hemangiomas also possible
47
Q

Most common skin cancers

A
  1. Basal cell carcioma
  2. Sqamous cell carcinoma
  3. Melanoma
48
Q

Order of metastatic risk in skin cancer

A
  1. Melanoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Basal cell carcinoma
49
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • Very common
  • UV sunlight and Arsenic
  • Commonly appear on hands and face, lower lip
  • Rarely metastasize
  • Ulcerative red lesion
  • Associated with chronic draining sinuses
  • Histo: Keratin “pearls”
  • Actinic keratosis is precursor to SCC
  • Keratocanthoma - variant that grows rapidly (4-6 weeks) regresses spontaneously (4-8 weeks)
50
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Sun exposed areas
  • Upper lip
  • Locally invasive almost never matastasizes
  • Rolled edges with central ulceration
  • Pearly papules commonly with telangiectasias
  • Histo: peripheral “Palisading” nuclei
51
Q

Melanoma

A
  • Common tumor with significant risk for metastasis
  • S-100 tumor marker
  • Sunlight exposure - fair skin higher risk
  • $ Depth correlates with risk of metastasis
  • Dysplastic nevus (atypical mole) is precursor
  • **$ ABCDs and Hx of change - **
    • Asymmetry
    • Border irregularity
    • Color variation
    • Diameter > 6 mm

DIT Phase II Chapters (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions