Rheumatology Flashcards
What is articular cartilage composed of?
High water content
Type II collagen and proteoglycans
What condition is anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) highly specific for?
Rheumatoid arthritis
What does the presence of serum anti-dsDNA indicate?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
What does the presence of serum anti-Ro indicate?
Primary scleroderma or systemic lupus erythematosus
What does the presence of serum anti-La indicate?
Primary scleroderma or systemic lupus erythematosus
What does the presence of serum anti-Smith indicate?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
What does the presence of serum anti-Jo-1 indicate?
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
What does the presence of serum anti-phospholipid indicate?
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Name the muscles of the rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscaularis
Teres minor
What is meralgia paraesthetica?
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh compression
What are the symptoms of meralgia paraesthetica?
Numbness and increased sensitivity to light touch over the anterolateral thigh - usually self-limiting
What are the characteristics of mechanical back pain?
Sudden onset
Often unilateral and may be helped by rest
Outline some causes of mechanical back pain
Lumbar disc prolapse Osteoarthritis Fractures Spondylolithiesis Spinal stenosis
There a certain ‘red flag’ symptoms in the presentation of lumbar back pain. List them.
Aged <20 or >50 Constant pain without relief History of TB, HIV, steroid use or carcinoma Systemically unwell Localised bone tenderness Bilateral signs in legs Neurological deficit Bladder, bowel or sexual dysfunction
Any thoracic back pain is considered a ‘red flag’
What course of action is indicated in the presence of ‘red flag’ symptoms for lower back pain?
Spinal X-ray
In the presence of neurological symptoms with concurrent back pain, what imaging modality is of most value?
Spinal MRI
How is mechanical back pain, in the absence of obvious pathology, managed?
Analgesia
Breif rest
Physiotherapy
What is the pathophysiology of acute disc disease?
Prolapse of the intervertebral disc resulting in acute back pain with/without sciatica
What demographic is acute intervertebral disease most common in?
Younger people
What is the more common cause of sciatica in older patients?
The result of compression of the nerve root by osteophytes in the lateral recess of the spinal cord
What is the typical presentation of acute vertebral prolapse?
Sudden onset of severe back pain (often following strenuous activity)
Pain is related to position and is aggrevated by movement
Muscle spasm leads to sideways tilt when standing
How is acute vertebral prolapse managed?
Symptom control - analgesia, bed rest (on firm mattress)
In severe disease consider epidural corticosteroid injection or surgery
Physiotherapy in the recovery period
What pathological process is chronic disc disease associated with?
Degenerative changes in the lower lumbar discs and facet joints. Pain is the mechanical type
What area of pain may arise from an S1 lesion?
From buttock down the back of thigh and leg to the foot
What area of pain may arise from an L5 lesion?
Buttock to the lateral aspect of the leg and dorsum of the foot
What area of pain may arise from an L4 lesion?
Lateral aspect of the shin to the medial side of the calf
What area of sensory loss may arise from an S1 lesion?
Sole of foot and posterior calf
What area of sensory loss may arise from an L5 lesion?
Dorsum of the foot and anterolateral aspect of leg
What area of sensory loss may arise from an L4 lesion?
Medial aspect of the calf and shin
What area of motor weakness may arise from an S1 lesion?
Plantar flexion of ankle and toes
What area of motor weakness may arise from an L5 lesion?
Dorsiflexion of foot at toes
What area of motor weakness may arise from an L4 lesion?
Dorsiflexion and inversion of the ankle; extension of the knee
What reflex is associated with the S1 spinal level?
Ankle jerk
What reflex is associated with the L4 spinal level?
Knee jerk
What is spondylolithesis?
Slipping forward of one vertebra on another, most commonly L4/L5.
Arising from a defect in the pars interarticularis
How is spondylolisthesis managed?
Minor pathology is treated conservatively
Major pathology is treated with spinal fusion
What is spinal stenosis?
Narrowing of the lower spinal canal compresses the cauda equina.
Typically coming on after a period of walking and resolving after rest
List some causes of spinal stenosis
Disc prolapse
Degenerative osteophytes formation
Tumour
Congenital narrowing
What position can a patient adopt that will open the spinal canal?
Bending forwards
What is the curative treatment for spinal stenosis?
Surgical decompression
What is the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis?
Arises from reparative processes characterised by progressive destruction and loss of articular cartilage
Attempts at repair produce cartilaginous growths at the margins of the joint which later calcify (osteophytes)
What is the typical presentation of osteoarthritis?
Joint pain made worse on movement and relieved by rest
Stiffness occurs after rest (called gelling)
Most common joints affected are distal interphalangeal joitns (DIPJs), first carpalmetacarpal, metatarsophalangeal and weight-bearing joints
What are some differential diagnoses of osteoarthritis?
Chondrocalcinosis
Chronic trophaeceous gout
Psoriatic arthritis
Outline the management of osteoarthritis
Focus on symptoms and disability:
Analgesia
Surgery
Physiotherapy
There are three main subgroups to inflammatory arthritis; what are they?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Seronegative Spondyloarthritis
Crystal arthritides
What is the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis?
Chronic systemic autoimmune disorder characterised chiefly by synovitis (inflammation of the synovial lining of the joints, tendon sheathes and bursae)
What is the clinical presentation of rheumatoid arthritis?
Insidious onset of pain, early-morning stiffness (lasting 30mins or more) and symmetrical swelling in the proximal small joints of the hands and feet
Weakening of the joint capsule later occurs leading to instability, subluxation and deformity
Explosive and palindromic presentations of rheumatoid arthritis are much less common. Outline them.
Explosive - sudden onset of widespread arthritis
Palindromic - relapsing and remitting monoarthritis of different large joints
What pathology might you expect in a patient with disproportionate involvement of a single joint in the context of rheumatoid arthritis?
Must exclude septic arthritis
List some non-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (12)
Fever Fatigue Weight-loss Sjögren's syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome Cord compression Anaemia Pleural effusion Thrombocytosis Pericarditis Nail fold infarcts Amyloidosis
Not exhastive list
Outline the management of rheumatoid arthritis
NSAIDs and Coxibs
Corticosteroids
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Biologics
What are the commonly used disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for rheumatoid arthritis?
(3)
Sulfasalazine
Methotrexate
Leflunomide
What characteristics are common across all the seronegative spondyloarthritides?
(5)
Predilection for axial (spinal and sacroiliac) inflammation
Asymmetrical peripheral arthritis
Absence of rheumatoid factor (seronegative)
Inflammation of the enthesis
Strong association with HLA-B27
List the common seronegative spondyloarthritides
Axial Spondyloarthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
Reactive arthritis
Enteropathic arthritis
What is axial spondyloarthritis?
Inflammatory disorder of the spine, affecting mainly young adults
What is the term used to describe axial spondyloarthritis with radiographic changes at the sacroiliac joints?
Ankylosing spondyloarthritis
What are the clinical features of axial spondyloarthritis?
Typically young male presenting with increasing pain and prolonged morning stiffness in the lower back which improves with exercise but not rest
What examination findings would be expected in the case of axial spondyloarthritis?
Loss of lumbar lordosis
Reduced spinal flexion (Schober test)
Reduction in chest expansion
Non-articular features (aortic incompetence, lung fibrosis)
Describe the radiographic changes associated with ankylosing spondyloarthritis
Sclerosis/ankylosis of sacroiliac joints
Progressive calcification of interspinous ligaments producing ‘bamboo spine’
What is the management strategy for axial spondyloarthritis?
Morning exercises to maintain posture and spinal mobility
Slow release NSAIDs (usually taken at night)
Methotrexate (to help with peripheral disease)
TNF-alpha highly effective in both axial and peripheral disease
Psoriatic arthritis has several different subtypes. List them.
Distal interphalangeal arthritis Mono- or oligoarthritis Symmetrical seronegative polyarthritis Arthritis mutilans Sacroiliitis
What is the most common subtype of psoriatic arthritis?
Distal interphalangeal arthritis
Outline the treatment of psoriatic arthritis
Analgesia and NSAIDs
Local synovitis responds to intra-articular corticosteroid injections
In severe cases, methotrexate and TNF-alpha is effective
What is reactive arthritis?
Sterile synovitis following a gastrointestinal or sexually acquired infection.