RH

Question 1

The genes that control the system are located in ​chromosome 1
● Polymorphic

Answer 1

RH

Question 2

In RH blood group, Only the most clinically significant will be emphasized

Answer 2

D, C, E, c, and e

Question 3

can cause transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)/Erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 3

D ANTIBODY

Question 4

defined D antigen (Rh factor)

Answer 4

1939​ Levine and Stetson

Question 5

discovered ​anti-Rh (named after Rhesus monkey)

Answer 5

1940 Landsteiner and Wiener

Question 6

RH ANTIGEN FREQUENCY

Answer 6

● D antigen – 85%
● C antigen – 70%
● c antigen – 80%
● E antigen – 30%
● e antigen – 98%

Question 7

determines the expression of the D antigen

Answer 7

RHD gene

Question 8

determines the expression of the C, c, E, and e
antigens

Answer 8

RHCE gene

Question 9

are an integral part of the red cell membrane.

Answer 9

Rh antigens

Question 10

systems of nomenclature that theorize the inheritance of the Rh system

Answer 10

○ 1: Fisher-Race
○ 2: Wiener
○ 3: Rosenfield
○ 4: International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT)

Question 11

The terminology used to describe the Rh system is derived from 4 sets of investigators

Answer 11

○ The first two of the terminologies are based on the postulated genetic mechanisms of the Rh system.

○ The 3rd terminology describes only the presence or absence of a given antigen.

○ 4th is result of the effort of the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Working Party on Terminology for Red cell Surface antigens

Question 12

Most commonly used nomenclature

Answer 12

Fisher-Race

Question 13

Who developed fischer-race nomenclature

Answer 13

Ronald Fisher and Robert Race of England

Question 14

Rh-Hr terminology

Answer 14

Weiner

Question 15

CDE terminology/ ​DCE terminology

Answer 15

Fischer-race

Question 16

Superscripts (Rh^1) refers to

Answer 16

Genes

Question 17

Subscripts (Rh1)refer to

Answer 17

Agglutinogen

Question 18

Also known as alphanumeric nomenclature

Answer 18

Rosenfield nomenclature

Question 19

it is simpler as it only explains the presence or absence of a given antigen

Answer 19

Rosenfield

Question 20

Attempts to standardize nomenclature
● Six digit numbers are assigned to each blood group specificity
● 004 refers to the Rh system

Answer 20

ISBT

Question 21

has no genetic basis.

Answer 21

ISBT

Question 22

located on ​chromosome 1​

Answer 22

RH

Question 23

the antigen closely associated phenotypically with Rh; it is formerly known as Rh25

Answer 23

LW

Question 24

the result of the reaction between the red cells and antisera ​(anti-D, anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, anti-e)​.

Answer 24

Phenotype

Question 25

the genetic makeup and can be predicted using the phenotype and by considering the race of an individual.

Answer 25

Genotype

Question 26

Anti-D, anti-C, anti-E, anti-c, and anti-e is tested with

Answer 26

Px RBCs

Question 27

combination of dominant and recessive

Answer 27

Heterozygous

Question 28

either 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes are combined

Answer 28

Homozygous

Question 29

IgG, react optimally at 37o​ ​C

Answer 29

Rh Antibodies

Question 30

Produced after exposure of the individual’s immune system to foreign red cells, either through transfusion or pregnancy.

Answer 30

Rh Antibodies

Question 31

are ​highly immunogenic​, the ​D antigen is most potent

Answer 31

Rh Antigens

Question 32

Arrange Rh antigens according to its immunogenicity (high-low)

Answer 32

D>c>E>C>e

Question 33

- react strongly with specific Rho ags in saline medium & react less strongly in a protein medium - Bivalent or complete antibodies

Answer 33

First order of Rh abs

Question 34

Second order

Answer 34

- visibly with specific ag in a protein medium In saline, weakly combine with the ag Rh abs but do not produce a visible reaction - Albumin-reacting antibodies, incomplete, or monovalent

Question 35

- r​eact visibly with specific ags in the antiglobulin medium only - Most typical Rh antibodies, anti-human globulin (AHG) antibodies

Answer 35

Third order of Rh Abs

Question 36

essential when testing donor blood sample.

Answer 36

D status

Question 37

If any donor blood sample that types Rho(D) negative by either slide or rapid method must be tested further by

Answer 37

IAT

Question 38

When Rh-positive red cell samples are typed for _________. It is expected that they will react strongly with anti-D reagent.

Answer 38

Weak D (Du​ ​ Ag)

Question 39

Red cells carrying the weaker D Ag have been referred to as having the

Answer 39

Du type

Question 40

→ Inheritance of D genes that code for a weakened expression of the D Ag → The D Ag expressed appear to be complete but few in number.

Answer 40

Genetic weak D

Question 41

→ This interference with D expression does not occur when the C gene is inherited in the cis

Answer 41

C trans

Question 42

If the position of C and D is ​trans​

Answer 42

​ (opposite haplotype) = weak D expression

Question 43

If the position of C and D is ​cis​

Answer 43

(same haplotype) = no weak D expression

Question 44

→ One or more parts of the D Ag are missing or altered

Answer 44

Partial D or D Mosaic

Question 45

If the patient is transfused with D positive red cells, they may develop an ​

Answer 45

anti-D alloantibody

Question 46

a phenotype occurring in individuals whose red blood cells possess an extremely low number of D antigen sites that most reagent anti-D are unable to detect.

Answer 46

D el

Question 47

results from a ​hybrid gene ​RHCE-RHD-RHCE where only a small portion of ​RHD ​is inserted into the ​RHCE g​ene.

Answer 47

R​0H​AR / DH​AR

Question 48

found in individuals of African descent; results from a ​specific amino acid change in the Rhce gene

Answer 48

ceCF (Crawford)

Question 49

are produced by the same Rh gene complexes that produce C and D antigens.

Answer 49

G antigens

Question 50

Individuals who lack Rh ags on the rbc

Answer 50

Rh null

Question 51

partial suppression of ​RH gene expression caused by mutations in the ​RHAG​ gene

Answer 51

Rh mod

Question 52

● No Cc and/or Ee reactivity ● Have unusually strong D expression (exalted D) ● Indicated by dash (-)

Answer 52

DELETIONS

Question 53

● Control cellular used when AHG test is negative ● To confirm that washing has been adequate and the antiglobulin reagent is reactive

Answer 53

Coomb’s cells

Question 54

False Positive Reactions may be caused by:

Answer 54

- positive DAT -rouleax formation Cold Auto agglutinis

Question 55

False Negative Reactions may be caused by:

Answer 55

-incorrect cell suspension - Improper procedure

Question 56

antigen excess

Answer 56

Postzone effect

Question 57

antibody excess

Answer 57

Prozone effect