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RH Flashcards

1
Q

The genes that control the system are located in ​chromosome 1
● Polymorphic

A

RH

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2
Q

In RH blood group, Only the most clinically significant will be emphasized

A

D, C, E, c, and e

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3
Q

can cause transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)/Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

D ANTIBODY

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4
Q

defined D antigen (Rh factor)

A

1939​ Levine and Stetson

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5
Q

discovered ​anti-Rh (named after Rhesus monkey)

A

1940 Landsteiner and Wiener

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6
Q

RH ANTIGEN FREQUENCY

A

● D antigen – 85%
● C antigen – 70%
● c antigen – 80%
● E antigen – 30%
● e antigen – 98%

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7
Q

determines the expression of the D antigen

A

RHD gene

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8
Q

determines the expression of the C, c, E, and e
antigens

A

RHCE gene

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9
Q

are an integral part of the red cell membrane.

A

Rh antigens

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10
Q

systems of nomenclature that theorize the inheritance of the Rh system

A

○ 1: Fisher-Race
○ 2: Wiener
○ 3: Rosenfield
○ 4: International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT)

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11
Q

The terminology used to describe the Rh system is derived from 4 sets of investigators

A

○ The first two of the terminologies are based on the postulated genetic mechanisms of the Rh system.

○ The 3rd terminology describes only the presence or absence of a given antigen.

○ 4th is result of the effort of the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Working Party on Terminology for Red cell Surface antigens

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12
Q

Most commonly used nomenclature

A

Fisher-Race

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13
Q

Who developed fischer-race nomenclature

A

Ronald Fisher and Robert Race of England

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14
Q

Rh-Hr terminology

A

Weiner

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15
Q

CDE terminology/ ​DCE terminology

A

Fischer-race

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16
Q

Superscripts (Rh^1) refers to

A

Genes

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17
Q

Subscripts (Rh1)refer to

A

Agglutinogen

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18
Q

Also known as alphanumeric nomenclature

A

Rosenfield nomenclature

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19
Q

it is simpler as it only explains the presence or absence of a given antigen

A

Rosenfield

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20
Q

Attempts to standardize nomenclature
● Six digit numbers are assigned to each blood group specificity
● 004 refers to the Rh system

A

ISBT

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21
Q

has no genetic basis.

A

ISBT

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22
Q

located on ​chromosome 1​

A

RH

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23
Q

the antigen closely associated phenotypically with Rh; it is formerly known as Rh25

A

LW

24
Q

the result of the reaction between the red cells and antisera ​(anti-D, anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, anti-e)​.

A

Phenotype

25
Q

the genetic makeup and can be predicted using the phenotype and by considering the race of an individual.

A

Genotype

26
Q

Anti-D, anti-C, anti-E, anti-c, and anti-e is tested with

A

Px RBCs

27
Q

combination of dominant and recessive

A

Heterozygous

28
Q

either 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes are combined

A

Homozygous

29
Q

IgG, react optimally at 37o​ ​C

A

Rh Antibodies

30
Q

Produced after exposure of the individual’s immune system to foreign red cells, either through transfusion or pregnancy.

A

Rh Antibodies

31
Q

are ​highly immunogenic​, the ​D antigen is most potent

A

Rh Antigens

32
Q

Arrange Rh antigens according to its immunogenicity (high-low)

A

D>c>E>C>e

33
Q
  • react strongly with specific Rho ags in saline medium & react less strongly in a protein
    medium
  • Bivalent or complete antibodies
A

First order of Rh abs

34
Q

Second order

A
  • visibly with specific ag in a protein medium
    In saline, weakly combine with the ag
    Rh abs but do not produce a visible reaction
  • Albumin-reacting antibodies, incomplete, or
    monovalent
35
Q
  • r​eact visibly with specific ags in the antiglobulin medium only
  • Most typical Rh antibodies, anti-human globulin (AHG) antibodies
A

Third order of Rh Abs

36
Q

essential when testing donor blood sample.

A

D status

37
Q

If any donor blood sample that types Rho(D) negative by either slide or rapid method must be tested further by

A

IAT

38
Q

When Rh-positive red cell samples are typed for _________. It is expected that they will react strongly with anti-D reagent.

A

Weak D (Du​ ​ Ag)

39
Q

Red cells carrying the weaker D Ag have been referred to as having the

A

Du type

40
Q

→ Inheritance of D genes that code for a weakened expression of the D Ag
→ The D Ag expressed appear to be complete but few in number.

A

Genetic weak D

41
Q

→ This interference with D expression does not occur
when the C gene is inherited in the cis

A

C trans

42
Q

If the position of C and D is ​trans​

A

​ (opposite haplotype) = weak D expression

43
Q

If the position of C and D is ​cis​

A

(same haplotype) = no weak D expression

44
Q

→ One or more parts of the D Ag are missing or altered

A

Partial D or D Mosaic

45
Q

If the patient is transfused with D positive red cells, they may develop an ​

A

anti-D alloantibody

46
Q

a phenotype occurring in individuals whose red blood cells possess an extremely low number of D antigen sites that most reagent anti-D are unable to detect.

A

D el

47
Q

results from a ​hybrid gene ​RHCE-RHD-RHCE where
only a small portion of ​RHD ​is inserted into the ​RHCE g​ene.

A

R​0H​AR / DH​AR

48
Q

found in individuals of African descent; results from a ​specific amino acid change in the Rhce gene

A

ceCF (Crawford)

49
Q

are produced by the same Rh gene complexes that produce C and D antigens.

A

G antigens

50
Q

Individuals who lack Rh ags on the rbc

A

Rh null

51
Q

partial suppression of ​RH gene expression caused by mutations in the ​RHAG​ gene

A

Rh mod

52
Q

● No Cc and/or Ee reactivity
● Have unusually strong D expression (exalted D)
● Indicated by dash (-)

A

DELETIONS

53
Q

● Control cellular used when AHG test is negative
● To confirm that washing has been adequate and the antiglobulin reagent is reactive

A

Coomb’s cells

54
Q

False Positive Reactions may be caused by:

A
  • positive DAT
    -rouleax formation
    Cold Auto agglutinis
55
Q

False Negative Reactions may be caused by:

A

-incorrect cell suspension
- Improper procedure

56
Q

antigen excess

A

Postzone effect

57
Q

antibody excess

A

Prozone effect

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