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BLOODBANK > BASIC BLOODBANKING PRINCIPLES > Flashcards

BASIC BLOODBANKING PRINCIPLES Flashcards

1
Q

Foreign molecules that bind specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor

A

ANTIGEN

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2
Q

an antigen in its role of eliciting an ​immune response ​(can elicit an immune response following antigen
binding)

A

IMMUNOGEN

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3
Q

T OR F.
All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

A

True

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4
Q

Characteristics of antigens: Properties that influence immune response

A

Size, complexity, conformation, charge, accessibility, solubility, digestibility, chemical composition

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5
Q

Ability to be degraded

A

Solubility and digestibility

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6
Q

More complex chemical composition = more immunogenic antigen and higher chance of eliciting an immune response

A

Chemical composition

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7
Q

What blood groups are
- Antigens are glycolipids
- More complex molecular structure because of glucose and lipids elements

A

ABO, Lewis, Ii, and P blood group systems

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8
Q

What blood groups are

○ Antigens are proteins
○ Proteins (CHONS) are complex molecules

A

Rh and MNSs blood group systems

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9
Q

Glycoprotein (immunoglobulin) that recognizes a particular epitope on an antigen and facilitates clearance of that antigen

A

ANTIBODY

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10
Q

Characteristics of IgM

A

Subunits: Pentamer
Heavy chain composition : Mu
Light chain composition: kappa/lambda
Intravascular
Activates classical pathway (very efficient)
Immediate spin
Do not cross the placenta

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11
Q

Characteristics of IgG

A

Subunits: Monomer
Heavy chain composition: Gamma
Light chain composition: Kappa/lambda
Crosses the placenta
Extravascular
Antiglobulin testing

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12
Q

Most relevant antibodies in blood banking are

A

IgM and IgG

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13
Q

Reacts at body temperature​ ​(37​°C)
○ Also called warm agglutinins

A

IgG

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14
Q

Capable of destroying transfused antigen-positive RBCs

A

IgG

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15
Q

Predominant Ab​ produced in the ​secondary response

A

IgG

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16
Q

Immunoglobulin that has Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Kell blood group systems

A

IgG

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17
Q

Most commonly encountered ​naturally occurring Ab ​(ABO system)

A

IgM

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18
Q

Reacts at ambient temperature (22-24°C ​or colder up to 4°C​)
○ Considered as cold agglutinins

A

IgM

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19
Q

Produced in response to commonly occurring antigens
○ Intestinal flora and pollen grains

A

IgM

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20
Q

Immunoglobulin that has ABO, Lewis, Ii, P, and MNS blood group

A

IgM

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21
Q

Immunoglobulin that
- Can interfere with detecting IgG by masking their reactivity
- Can exist in monomeric or pentameric form with J chain

A

IgM

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22
Q

Immunoglobulin that can increase the effect of IgG-induced RBC hemolysis

A

IgA

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23
Q

Immunoglobulin that may cause urticaria if transfused in patients with severe allergic reactions
- Due to release of histamines
- Increased in allergic reactions

A

IgE

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24
Q

Immunoglobulin that is Least significant in blood banking
● Not able to cross placenta and activate complement
● Also expressed in the surface of B lymphocytes just like monomeric IgMs
- Known to help in the activation of B lymphocytes

A

IgD

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25
A type of antibody that is derived from more than one antibody-producing parent cell
Polyclonal antibodies
26
A type of antibody that is Produced in response to a single antigen with more than one epitope
Polyclonal antibodies
27
a part of the antigen that binds to the paratope of the antibody
Epitope
28
Antibodies derived from a single ancestral antibody-producing parent cell
Monoclonal antibodies
29
Most existing anti-seras used in laboratory Preferred in testing: highly specific, well characterized, and uniformly reactive Also rapid test kits
Monoclonal antibodies
30
Found in individuals without previous exposure to RBC Ags from transfusion, injection or pregnancy
IgM (naturally occuring)
31
Reacts best using saline at ambient temp or at 4°C ○ May cause hemolysis at 37°C ● Commonly encountered: ABH, Hh, Ii, Lewis, MN, and P blood group systems
IgM cold agglutinins
32
Found in individuals with previous exposure to transfusion, injection and pregnancy
IgG (immune)
33
○ Reacts best at 37°C ○ Requires AHG (Coomb’s) sera for detection ● Commonly encountered: Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Kell, Ss blood group systems
IgG
34
Produced after exposure to non self antigens
Alloantibodies
35
Produced due to incompatibilities in blood transfusion
Alloantibodies
36
Produced in response to self-antigens
Autoantibodies
37
​disorder wherein you are attacking your self antigens
Autoimmunity
38
Test detecting autoantibodies
Positive autocontrol or direct antiglobulin test (DAT
39
complex of one or more antibody molecules bound to an antigen
Immune complex
40
Good fit: high attraction, low repulsion Poor fit: low attraction, high repulsion
Lock and key mechanism
41
attraction between two molecules on the basis of opposite charge; a positively charged region of a molecule is attracted to the negatively charged region of another molecule
Electrostatic forces (ionic bonding)​
42
attraction of two negatively charged groups (X-) for a H+ atom
Hydrogen bonding
43
weak bonds formed as a result of the exclusion of water from the antigen-antibody complex
Hydrophobic bonding​
44
attraction between the electron cloud (-) of one atom and the protons (+) within the nucleus of another atom
van der Waals forces​
45
Antibody properties
Affinity Avidity Valency
46
strength of the binding between a single antibody and an epitope of an antigen
Affinity
47
overall strength of reaction between several epitopes and antibodies; depends on the affinity of the antibody, valency, and non covalent attractive forces - much stronger than affinity - Multiple binding sites
Avidity
48
number of epitopes per molecule of antigen
Valency
49
the antibody binding site is fit to the antigen
Specific reaction
50
happens when the antigens share the same glucolipid antigenic sites which means that antigens are very much similar in terms of molecular structure
Cross reaction
51
Properties of the host that influence immune response ● Nutritional status, hormones, genetics, age, race, exercise level, disease, injury
Host factors
52
the lack of an immune response or an active immunosuppressive response
Tolerance
53
Individuals with two distinct cell population or DNA
Chimera
54
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Vivo
Transfusion, Pregnancy, and the Immune Response (due to exposurw of foreign antigens) Complement Proteins ● Classical pathway​ - antigen-antibody reaction ● Alternative pathway​ - membrane property of a microorganism
55
are detected by visible ​agglutination (hemagglutination) ​or ​hemolysis
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Vitro
56
Stages of Hemagglutination
Sensitization Lattice formation
57
■ First stage ■ At this point, visible agglutination is not yet observed ■ Attachment of Ab to corresponding Ag on RBC membrane
Sensitization
58
■ Combination of antibody and a multivalent antigen to form crosslinks ■ Agglutination is observed
Lattice formation
59
Factors that influence agglutination reactions
1. Centrifugation 2. Ag-Ab ratio 3. pH 4. Temperature
60
Antigen excess
Postzone reaction
61
Prozone reaction
Antibody excess
62
point at which antibodies are almost equal or in optimal concentration with antigen, this is when you’ll see visible agglutination reaction
Equivalence zone
63
Protein Media
Albumin, PEG, polybrene, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), protamine
64
Proteolytic enzymes
Ficin Papain Trypsin Bromelin
65
Enhanced and Depressed by protelytic enzymes
Enhanced: Rh, Kidd, P1, Lewis, and I Ags ○ Depressed: MNSs, Duffy Ags
66
Determine if RBCs are coated with Ab and/or complement ○ Small IgG antibodies can sensitize but rarely cause agglutination ■ Cannot overcome zeta potential
Anti-human globulin (AHG) reagents

BLOODBANK (7 decks)

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