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BLOODBANK > BASIC BLOODBANKING PRINCIPLES > Flashcards

BASIC BLOODBANKING PRINCIPLES Flashcards

1
Q

Foreign molecules that bind specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor

A

ANTIGEN

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2
Q

an antigen in its role of eliciting an ​immune response ​(can elicit an immune response following antigen
binding)

A

IMMUNOGEN

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3
Q

T OR F.
All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

A

True

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4
Q

Characteristics of antigens: Properties that influence immune response

A

Size, complexity, conformation, charge, accessibility, solubility, digestibility, chemical composition

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5
Q

Ability to be degraded

A

Solubility and digestibility

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6
Q

More complex chemical composition = more immunogenic antigen and higher chance of eliciting an immune response

A

Chemical composition

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7
Q

What blood groups are
- Antigens are glycolipids
- More complex molecular structure because of glucose and lipids elements

A

ABO, Lewis, Ii, and P blood group systems

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8
Q

What blood groups are

○ Antigens are proteins
○ Proteins (CHONS) are complex molecules

A

Rh and MNSs blood group systems

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9
Q

Glycoprotein (immunoglobulin) that recognizes a particular epitope on an antigen and facilitates clearance of that antigen

A

ANTIBODY

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10
Q

Characteristics of IgM

A

Subunits: Pentamer
Heavy chain composition : Mu
Light chain composition: kappa/lambda
Intravascular
Activates classical pathway (very efficient)
Immediate spin
Do not cross the placenta

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11
Q

Characteristics of IgG

A

Subunits: Monomer
Heavy chain composition: Gamma
Light chain composition: Kappa/lambda
Crosses the placenta
Extravascular
Antiglobulin testing

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12
Q

Most relevant antibodies in blood banking are

A

IgM and IgG

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13
Q

Reacts at body temperature​ ​(37​°C)
○ Also called warm agglutinins

A

IgG

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14
Q

Capable of destroying transfused antigen-positive RBCs

A

IgG

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15
Q

Predominant Ab​ produced in the ​secondary response

A

IgG

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16
Q

Immunoglobulin that has Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Kell blood group systems

A

IgG

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17
Q

Most commonly encountered ​naturally occurring Ab ​(ABO system)

A

IgM

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18
Q

Reacts at ambient temperature (22-24°C ​or colder up to 4°C​)
○ Considered as cold agglutinins

A

IgM

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19
Q

Produced in response to commonly occurring antigens
○ Intestinal flora and pollen grains

A

IgM

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20
Q

Immunoglobulin that has ABO, Lewis, Ii, P, and MNS blood group

A

IgM

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21
Q

Immunoglobulin that
- Can interfere with detecting IgG by masking their reactivity
- Can exist in monomeric or pentameric form with J chain

A

IgM

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22
Q

Immunoglobulin that can increase the effect of IgG-induced RBC hemolysis

A

IgA

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23
Q

Immunoglobulin that may cause urticaria if transfused in patients with severe allergic reactions
- Due to release of histamines
- Increased in allergic reactions

A

IgE

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24
Q

Immunoglobulin that is Least significant in blood banking
● Not able to cross placenta and activate complement
● Also expressed in the surface of B lymphocytes just like monomeric IgMs
- Known to help in the activation of B lymphocytes

A

IgD

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25
Q

A type of antibody that is derived from more than one antibody-producing parent cell

A

Polyclonal antibodies

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26
Q

A type of antibody that is Produced in response to a single antigen with more than one epitope

A

Polyclonal antibodies

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27
Q

a part of the antigen that binds to the paratope of the antibody

A

Epitope

28
Q

Antibodies derived from a single ancestral antibody-producing parent cell

A

Monoclonal antibodies

29
Q

Most existing anti-seras used in laboratory

Preferred in testing: highly specific, well characterized, and uniformly reactive

Also rapid test kits

A

Monoclonal antibodies

30
Q

Found in individuals without previous exposure to RBC Ags from transfusion, injection or pregnancy

A

IgM (naturally occuring)

31
Q

Reacts best using saline at ambient temp or at 4°C
○ May cause hemolysis at 37°C
● Commonly encountered: ABH, Hh, Ii, Lewis, MN, and P blood group systems

A

IgM cold agglutinins

32
Q

Found in individuals with previous exposure to transfusion, injection and pregnancy

A

IgG (immune)

33
Q

○ Reacts best at 37°C
○ Requires AHG (Coomb’s) sera for detection
● Commonly encountered: Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Kell, Ss blood group systems

A

IgG

34
Q

Produced after exposure to non self antigens

A

Alloantibodies

35
Q

Produced due to incompatibilities in blood transfusion

A

Alloantibodies

36
Q

Produced in response to self-antigens

A

Autoantibodies

37
Q

​disorder wherein you are attacking your self antigens

A

Autoimmunity

38
Q

Test detecting autoantibodies

A

Positive autocontrol or direct antiglobulin test (DAT

39
Q

complex of one or more antibody molecules bound to an antigen

A

Immune complex

40
Q

Good fit: high attraction, low repulsion
Poor fit: low attraction, high repulsion

A

Lock and key mechanism

41
Q

attraction between two molecules on the basis of opposite charge; a positively charged region of a molecule is attracted to the negatively charged region of another molecule

A

Electrostatic forces (ionic bonding)​

42
Q

attraction of two negatively charged groups (X-) for a H+ atom

A

Hydrogen bonding

43
Q

weak bonds formed as a result of the exclusion of water from the antigen-antibody complex

A

Hydrophobic bonding​

44
Q

attraction between the electron cloud (-) of one atom and the protons (+) within the nucleus of another atom

A

van der Waals forces​

45
Q

Antibody properties

A

Affinity
Avidity
Valency

46
Q

strength of the binding between a single antibody and
an epitope of an antigen

A

Affinity

47
Q

overall strength of reaction between several epitopes and antibodies; depends on the affinity of the antibody, valency, and non covalent attractive forces
- much stronger than affinity
- Multiple binding sites

A

Avidity

48
Q

number of epitopes per molecule of antigen

A

Valency

49
Q

the antibody binding site is fit to the antigen

A

Specific reaction

50
Q

happens when the antigens share the same glucolipid antigenic sites which means that antigens are very much similar in terms of molecular structure

A

Cross reaction

51
Q

Properties of the host that influence immune response
● Nutritional status, hormones, genetics, age, race, exercise level, disease, injury

A

Host factors

52
Q

the lack of an immune response or an active
immunosuppressive response

A

Tolerance

53
Q

Individuals with two distinct cell population or DNA

A

Chimera

54
Q

Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Vivo

A

Transfusion, Pregnancy, and the Immune Response (due to exposurw of foreign antigens)

Complement Proteins
● Classical pathway​ - antigen-antibody reaction
● Alternative pathway​ - membrane property of a microorganism

55
Q

are detected by visible ​agglutination (hemagglutination) ​or ​hemolysis

A

Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Vitro

56
Q

Stages of Hemagglutination

A

Sensitization
Lattice formation

57
Q

■ First stage
■ At this point, visible agglutination is not yet observed
■ Attachment of Ab to corresponding Ag on RBC membrane

A

Sensitization

58
Q

■ Combination of antibody and a multivalent antigen to form crosslinks
■ Agglutination is observed

A

Lattice formation

59
Q

Factors that influence agglutination reactions

A
  1. Centrifugation
  2. Ag-Ab ratio
  3. pH
  4. Temperature
60
Q

Antigen excess

A

Postzone reaction

61
Q

Prozone reaction

A

Antibody excess

62
Q

point at which antibodies are almost equal or in optimal concentration with antigen, this is when you’ll see visible agglutination reaction

A

Equivalence zone

63
Q

Protein Media

A

Albumin, PEG, polybrene, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP),
protamine

64
Q

Proteolytic enzymes

A

Ficin
Papain
Trypsin
Bromelin

65
Q

Enhanced and Depressed by protelytic enzymes

A

Enhanced: Rh, Kidd, P1, Lewis, and I Ags
○ Depressed: MNSs, Duffy Ags

66
Q

Determine if RBCs are coated with Ab and/or complement
○ Small IgG antibodies can sensitize but rarely cause agglutination
■ Cannot overcome zeta potential

A

Anti-human globulin (AHG) reagents

BLOODBANK (7 decks)

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