Reward and Attention

Question 1

what is reward-biased attention

Answer 1

attention that is focused cues in the world that predict reward

Question 2

what mental disorder could an overactive reward-bias on attention lead to?

Answer 2

addiction

Question 3

what is the action tendency when seeing reward cues?

Answer 3

seeking

Question 4

what would Panksepp call seeking reward?

Answer 4

stimulus-bound appetitive behaviour

Question 5

what neurotransmitter fuels seeking behaviour

Answer 5

dopamine

Question 6

what is dopamine’s general function?

Answer 6

‘wanting’ chemical
role in motivated behaviour and predicting reward

Question 7

what is incentive salience

Answer 7

when a cue stands out because of its associated reward

Question 8

what can incentive salience be compared to from the emotion motivation unti?

Answer 8

emotional salience

Question 9

what is the process tha happens when witnessing a cue with incentive salience?

Answer 9

see the cue
get craving
automatic response action

Question 10

what are the emotions associated with seeking behaviour

Answer 10

desire
hope
anticipation

Question 11

what are the characteristics of reward-biased attention that lead to addiction?

Answer 11

attention is:
habitual
involuntary

Question 12

what parts of the dopamine system are activated when we experience a reward?

Answer 12

mesolimbic
mesocortical

Question 13

what is the projection of the mesolimbic DA system

Answer 13

VTA -> nucleus accumbens

Question 14

what is the projection of the mesocortical DA system?

Answer 14

VTA -> PFC

Question 15

what is the function of the nucleus accumbens

Answer 15

motivation

Question 16

what is the proof that dopamine is not only a pleasure molecule

Answer 16

spike in dopamine release happens before reward is received
spike in dopamine happens when reward associated stimuli are present

Question 17

what triggers dopamine activation in the nucleus accumbens

Answer 17

expecting a reward
receiving an unexpected reward

Question 18

what role does the caudate and putamen play

Answer 18

transfer info from the cortex to the basal ganglia
habit forming
motivational influences on attention
motor control

Question 19

where is dopamine produced

Answer 19

substantia nigra
VTA

Question 20

what are the two kinds of ways dopamine can be received

Answer 20

tonic
phasic

Question 21

what is tonic dopamine

Answer 21

dopamine received slowly and in a sustained maner

Question 22

what is the role of tonic dopamine

Answer 22

general seeking behaviour

Question 23

what is phasic dopamine

Answer 23

dopamine received in fast bursts

Question 24

what is the role of phasic dopamine

Answer 24

prediction error for expectations specific to dopamine neurons
signalling reward expectation

Question 25

who coined the term incentive salience

Answer 25

Berridge

Question 26

how does dopamine work as prediction error for expectations or reward?

Answer 26

expectations are met = action becomes habit
expectations not met = we adapt/learn and adjust our behaviour

Question 27

what does VDAC stand for

Answer 27

value-driven attentional capture

Question 28

what is VDAC

Answer 28

form of reward-biased attention that measures incentive salience

Question 29

what did we learn from anderson about VDAC

Answer 29

objects that predict reward befostill capture attention
people who show more VDAC to cues that used to predict reward show more dopamine in the dorsal striatum in the presence of cues
people with less VDAC show less DA in the presence of reward cues
DA signalling is important for habit

Question 30

what is the relationship between depression and incentive salience

Answer 30

depression is the lack of motivation to seek reward
expectation of reward is gone therefore we no longer seek it

Question 31

what is the importance of finding the lack of VDAC in depressed patients

Answer 31

the info we pay attention to is used in memory and decision-making
attention to rewards is needed to make positive memories, associations and evaluations