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PSYC 365 > Hippocampus > Flashcards

Hippocampus Flashcards

1
Q

what is the link between attention and memory?

A

the things we attend to are the things we remember more
we may attend to things that are relevant, emotional, or rewarding, and it is important to remember these

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2
Q

who suggested the multiple memory systems?

A

Tulving

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3
Q

what are the two ways memory systems can be organized

A

implicit memory
explicit memory

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4
Q

what types of memory are implicit memory

A

procedural
conditioning

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5
Q

what types of memory are explicit memory

A

semantic
episodic
autobiographical
prospective

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6
Q

procedural memory

A

unconscious skil/motor memory that needs has no conscious recollection component

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7
Q

conditioning memory

A

learned association between a cue and a threat/reward

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8
Q

what type of unconscious memory can also be conscious

A

conditioning

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9
Q

semantic memory

A

memory of facts lacking a temporal dimension

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10
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of events from the past in a temporal dimension

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11
Q

what memory system did Tulving call ‘mental time travel’

A

episodic memory

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12
Q

autobiographical memory

A

memory of event and facts from your own life

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13
Q

what other memory systems is autobiographical memory composed of?

A

episodic and semantic

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14
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something in the future

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15
Q

what are the known roles of the hippocampus

A

formation and recollection of episodic memory
imagine future experiences
navigation
generation of mental maps

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16
Q

what are place cells?

A

cells in the hippocampus that fire when we are in a particular place

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17
Q

what are some characteristics of place cells

A

not topographical
get reused when in different environments
can change firing to ‘re-map’

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18
Q

what is the role of place cells

A

used in cognitive maps

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19
Q

what are grid cells

A

cells that organize space into a grid map

20
Q

what types of cells aid in spatial navigation

A

place
grid
head direction
border

21
Q

what are border cells

A

cells that track the edges of a spatial location

22
Q

what are characteristics of grid cells

A

located in the entorhinal cortex
organization is constant between different environments

23
Q

what is the historical conundrum

A

hippocampus has been implicated in spatial navigation and episodic memory, how do these relate?

24
Q

what have been the recent findings in terms of place cells

A

place cells may be the consequence of the memory process in the hippocampus
they encode information based on the recent hisotry of sensory experience

25
Q

what are cognitive maps

A

mental representations of physical locations

26
Q

what is the cognitive map hypothesis

A

the brain builds a representation of important features in the spatial environment to support memory and guide future actions

27
Q

who coined the term cognitive map

A

Tolman

28
Q

what is a schema

A

a type of metaphorocal map
mental script of how certain situations should play out

29
Q

what are the characteristics of schemas

A

influence attention and absorption of new knowledge
organizes memories as they are laid down
we are more likely to notice things that are in our schema
we re-interpret contradictions to our schemas

30
Q

what is the function of cognitive maps

A

planning movement in spatial area

31
Q

how do cognitive maps perform their planning functions?

A

link mental map to sensory information using landmarks and active recollection of spatial features

32
Q

what brain area identifies landmarks

A

PPA
ventral visual cortex

33
Q

what are the research questions for the London Taxi driver study

A

when is the hippocampus most required during ongoing navigation?
which specific navigation processes might the hippocampus be most important for?

34
Q

what are the methods of the Taxi driver study

A

20 london taxi drivers in an fMRI scanner
navigated to destinations of customer request in VR
collected what the drivers were thinking during their route
customer would say irrelavent information, and then would change destination

35
Q

what is ‘the knowledge’

A

london taxi drivers ability to navigate throughout all of London without a GPS

36
Q

what were the results of the Taxi Driver study

A

increased BOLD activation of hippocampus during customer request route planning and customer re-request route planning

37
Q

when is hippocampus activating when taxi driving?

A

only happens at moment of route planning to specific location

38
Q

what is the theory established from the taxi driver study?

A

the hippocampus retrieves relevant spatial info from a cognitive map

39
Q

what is increased activation in the hippocampus during route planning likely caused by?

A

generating initial vector

40
Q

what was proven to not cause hippocampal activation in the taxi driver study

A

spontaneously updating the most efficient route
observing landmarks to update closeness to goal

41
Q

what was the difference between TT (lesioned) and other taxi drivers

A

could not;
learn new routes
navigate smaller routes
verbally describe routes

42
Q

what things did TT perform similarly on

A

identifying landmarks
navigating main roads

43
Q

what do TTs difficulties tell us about the hippocampus’ use of cognitive maps

A

hippocampus is not remembering landmarks
hippocampus is remembering route details

44
Q

where did TT obtain lesions? how?

A

hippocampus
encephalitis

45
Q

what are the key findings of the taxi driver lesion study

A

hippocampus is not needed for orientation, landmarks, and spatial relationship between self and landmarks
hippocampus is needed for navigation of old learned routes, and needs access to details of spatial representations

46
Q

overall, what is the hippocampus’s role in navigation

A

lays down cognitive maps
active when calling details of spatial info
active in planning routes to specific goals
necessary for learning new routes and calling details of spatial info

PSYC 365 (4 decks)

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