Hippocampus

Question 1

what is the link between attention and memory?

Answer 1

the things we attend to are the things we remember more
we may attend to things that are relevant, emotional, or rewarding, and it is important to remember these

Question 2

who suggested the multiple memory systems?

Answer 2

Tulving

Question 3

what are the two ways memory systems can be organized

Answer 3

implicit memory
explicit memory

Question 4

what types of memory are implicit memory

Answer 4

procedural
conditioning

Question 5

what types of memory are explicit memory

Answer 5

semantic
episodic
autobiographical
prospective

Question 6

procedural memory

Answer 6

unconscious skil/motor memory that needs has no conscious recollection component

Question 7

conditioning memory

Answer 7

learned association between a cue and a threat/reward

Question 8

what type of unconscious memory can also be conscious

Answer 8

conditioning

Question 9

semantic memory

Answer 9

memory of facts lacking a temporal dimension

Question 10

episodic memory

Answer 10

memory of events from the past in a temporal dimension

Question 11

what memory system did Tulving call ‘mental time travel’

Answer 11

episodic memory

Question 12

autobiographical memory

Answer 12

memory of event and facts from your own life

Question 13

what other memory systems is autobiographical memory composed of?

Answer 13

episodic and semantic

Question 14

prospective memory

Answer 14

remembering to do something in the future

Question 15

what are the known roles of the hippocampus

Answer 15

formation and recollection of episodic memory
imagine future experiences
navigation
generation of mental maps

Question 16

what are place cells?

Answer 16

cells in the hippocampus that fire when we are in a particular place

Question 17

what are some characteristics of place cells

Answer 17

not topographical
get reused when in different environments
can change firing to ‘re-map’

Question 18

what is the role of place cells

Answer 18

used in cognitive maps

Question 19

what are grid cells

Answer 19

cells that organize space into a grid map

Question 20

what types of cells aid in spatial navigation

Answer 20

place
grid
head direction
border

Question 21

what are border cells

Answer 21

cells that track the edges of a spatial location

Question 22

what are characteristics of grid cells

Answer 22

located in the entorhinal cortex
organization is constant between different environments

Question 23

what is the historical conundrum

Answer 23

hippocampus has been implicated in spatial navigation and episodic memory, how do these relate?

Question 24

what have been the recent findings in terms of place cells

Answer 24

place cells may be the consequence of the memory process in the hippocampus
they encode information based on the recent hisotry of sensory experience

Question 25

what are cognitive maps

Answer 25

mental representations of physical locations

Question 26

what is the cognitive map hypothesis

Answer 26

the brain builds a representation of important features in the spatial environment to support memory and guide future actions

Question 27

who coined the term cognitive map

Answer 27

Tolman

Question 28

what is a schema

Answer 28

a type of metaphorocal map mental script of how certain situations should play out

Question 29

what are the characteristics of schemas

Answer 29

influence attention and absorption of new knowledge organizes memories as they are laid down we are more likely to notice things that are in our schema we re-interpret contradictions to our schemas

Question 30

what is the function of cognitive maps

Answer 30

planning movement in spatial area

Question 31

how do cognitive maps perform their planning functions?

Answer 31

link mental map to sensory information using landmarks and active recollection of spatial features

Question 32

what brain area identifies landmarks

Answer 32

PPA ventral visual cortex

Question 33

what are the research questions for the London Taxi driver study

Answer 33

when is the hippocampus most required during ongoing navigation? which specific navigation processes might the hippocampus be most important for?

Question 34

what are the methods of the Taxi driver study

Answer 34

20 london taxi drivers in an fMRI scanner navigated to destinations of customer request in VR collected what the drivers were thinking during their route customer would say irrelavent information, and then would change destination

Question 35

what is 'the knowledge'

Answer 35

london taxi drivers ability to navigate throughout all of London without a GPS

Question 36

what were the results of the Taxi Driver study

Answer 36

increased BOLD activation of hippocampus during customer request route planning and customer re-request route planning

Question 37

when is hippocampus activating when taxi driving?

Answer 37

only happens at moment of route planning to specific location

Question 38

what is the theory established from the taxi driver study?

Answer 38

the hippocampus retrieves relevant spatial info from a cognitive map

Question 39

what is increased activation in the hippocampus during route planning likely caused by?

Answer 39

generating initial vector

Question 40

what was proven to not cause hippocampal activation in the taxi driver study

Answer 40

spontaneously updating the most efficient route observing landmarks to update closeness to goal

Question 41

what was the difference between TT (lesioned) and other taxi drivers

Answer 41

could not; learn new routes navigate smaller routes verbally describe routes

Question 42

what things did TT perform similarly on

Answer 42

identifying landmarks navigating main roads

Question 43

what do TTs difficulties tell us about the hippocampus' use of cognitive maps

Answer 43

hippocampus is not remembering landmarks hippocampus is remembering route details

Question 44

where did TT obtain lesions? how?

Answer 44

hippocampus encephalitis

Question 45

what are the key findings of the taxi driver lesion study

Answer 45

hippocampus is not needed for orientation, landmarks, and spatial relationship between self and landmarks hippocampus is needed for navigation of old learned routes, and needs access to details of spatial representations

Question 46

overall, what is the hippocampus's role in navigation

Answer 46

lays down cognitive maps active when calling details of spatial info active in planning routes to specific goals necessary for learning new routes and calling details of spatial info