Rehearsing and Retrieving Memory

Question 1

what are the two theories of system consolidation

Answer 1

standard consolidation theory (CST)
multiple trace theory (MTT)

Question 2

what is standard consolidation theory

Answer 2

memories initially depend on hippocampus but become more stable/consolidated across other brain regions
retrieval can happen without activation of the hippocampus later

Question 3

what inspired the SCT

Answer 3

HM’s ability to remember older things but not recent events

Question 4

what are assumptions made in SCT

Answer 4

recent memories are vulnerable until consolidation stabilizes them in a distributed network
does not distinguish between episodic and semantic memories

Question 5

what is multiple trace theory

Answer 5

episodic memories are always hippocampus dependent
system-wide consolidation causes semanticization

Question 6

true or false; semantic memories don’t necessarily replace episodic memories, they amy exist side by side

Answer 6

true

Question 7

assumptions of MTT

Answer 7

when it comes to hippocampus lesions;
semantic memory retrieval will have a temporal gradient because of time for semnaticization to finish
episodic memories amnesia will show no temporal gradient

Question 8

what is semanticization

Answer 8

when general knowledge is pulled from rehearsed episodic knowledge to be stored independent of the hippocampus
does not need hippocampus for formation or retrieval
integrated with pre-existing knowledge

Question 9

what is reinstatement

Answer 9

replaying brain activation pattern for a memory to help the brain consolidate and semanticize

Question 10

what is a schema

Answer 10

mental concept that informs what to expect in certain situations

Question 11

what are schema’s based on

Answer 11

info from life experiences
memory

Question 12

what brain areas are part of the autobiographical memory network

Answer 12

posterior cingulate cortex
precuneus cortex
retrosplenial cortex

Question 13

what is the passive reinstatement process

Answer 13

spontaneous reinstatement that happens between encoding and recall
the more reinstatement the better the recall
much of the details of even are lost here

Question 14

what is Bird’s big picture question

Answer 14

what roles do active rehearsal and prior knowledge play in episodic memory consolidation?

Question 15

what are BIr’s two research questions

Answer 15

does active rehearsal influence memroy durability?
do stronger patterns of neural similarity between encoding and rehearsal in episodic nodes lead to more detailed memory later?

Question 16

what is the goal of experiment 1 in Bird

Answer 16

observe effect of active rehearsal on durability of memories

Question 17

what were the goals if experiment 2 in Bird

Answer 17

see if BOLD activity occurs during reinstatement of videos
see if strength of reinstatement during rehearsal predicts how well the videos are remembered later

Question 18

what is durability as defined in Bird

Answer 18

how well a memory holds up over time

Question 19

what were the methods of experiment 1

Answer 19

all participants saw 3 conditions with 7 videos each
condition 1; recalled on day 1, 8, 18
condition 2; recalled on day 1, 18
condition 3; recalled on day 8, 18
checklist of frequently recalled details from videos was used to score recall

Question 20

what kind of design was experiment 1 in

Answer 20

within-subjects

Question 21

what are the independent variables of experiment 1

Answer 21

day
condition of recall days

Question 22

what are the dependent variables of experiment 1

Answer 22

number of details recalled

Question 23

what were the results of experiment 1? what is a conclusion for this?

Answer 23

condition 3 (no recall on day 1) had significantly less details recalled
rehearsal soon after encoding boosts memory

Question 24

what other smaller results did experiment 1 yield

Answer 24

specific details recalled across sessions for individual participant were highly consistent, and not consistent between participants

Question 25

what were the methods for experiment 2

Answer 25

participants watched 26 videos and rehearsed details silently for 20 of them
rehearsal phase was instructed to last as long as the video was
after rehearsal phase rated how vivid ly they remembered the video from 1-5
recall was done 7 days later and scored

Question 26

what was the cue recacll paradigm of the rehearsal phase in experiment 2

Answer 26

video title used as rehearsal cue

Question 27

what are the independent values of experiment 2

Answer 27

day
rehearsed or not

Question 28

what are the dependent variable of experiment 2

Answer 28

BOLD response in voxels
vividness of rehearsal memory
RSA
memory of detail recalled later

Question 29

what is RSA used for in experiment 2

Answer 29

assess closeness in representational space between patterns of activation
more alike patterns = closer in representational space
can compare between 2 clips or same clip, and between encoding and rehearsal

Question 30

what brain regions were found to be correlated in activation between encoding and rehearsing

Answer 30

hippocampus
posterior midline regions

Question 31

how were brain regions whose representations were more similar in matching pairs than non-matching found?

Answer 31

matching mean correlation - nonmatching mean correlation
tested against a null hypothesis of 0 with t test

Question 32

what areas are the in the posterior mideline regions

Answer 32

psoterior cingulate
retrosplenial cortex
pre- cuneus

Question 33

what were the posterior cingulate’s RSA results in experimetnt 2

Answer 33

the more PCC pattern correlation between encoding and rehearsal, the more vivid/details memories were

Question 34

what does consistent specific detail recall in individual participants suggest

Answer 34

rehearsal may speed up semanticization

Question 35

what are alternative explanations to the results in Bird indicating that rehearsal speeds up semanticization

Answer 35

rehearsal in inhibiting consolidation of unrehearsed videos
a seconf mechanism is stabilizing episodic representations in the hippocampus

Question 36

what is the PCC’s role

Answer 36

flesh out memory details
integrates semantic and episodic info into a schema during reinstatement