Revolutions of 1848

Question 1

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 1

British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number

Question 2

Edmund Burke

Answer 2

Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France, which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought

Question 3

Burschenschaften

Answer 3

Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles

Question 4

Carbonari

Answer 4

Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy and republicanism

Question 5

Carlsbad Decrees

Answer 5

Repressive laws in the German states limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities

Question 6

Decembrist

Answer 6

Russian revolutionaries calling for a constitutional reform in the early 19th century

Question 7

Frederick William IV

Answer 7

King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms

Question 8

Francois Guizot

Answer 8

Chief minister under Louis Philippe. Guizot’s repression led to the revolution of 1848

Question 9

Holy Alliance

Answer 9

An alliance envisioned by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule in accord with Christian principles

Question 10

Louie Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 10

Nephew of Napoleon I; he came to power as president of the Second French Republic

Question 11

Prince Clemens von Metternich

Answer 11

Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the congress of Vienna

Question 12

John Stuart Mill

Answer 12

British philosopher who published On Liberty, advocating individual rights against government intrusion , and The Subjection of Women, on the cause of women’s rights

Question 13

Poor Law of 1834

Answer 13

Legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid.

Question 14

Quadruple Alliance

Answer 14

Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818

Question 15

Rotten Boroughs

Answer 15

Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament

Question 16

Zollverein

Answer 16

Economic customs union of German states established in 1818 by Prussia and including almost all German-speaking states except Austria by 1844

Question 17

Repeal of Test Act

Answer 17

Allowed Protestants who were not members of the Church of England to hold public office

Question 18

Catholic Emancipation Bill

Answer 18

Enabled Catholics to hold public office for the first time

Question 19

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 19

Gave vote to all men who paid 10 pounds in rent a year; eliminated the rotten boroughs

Question 20

Slavery

Answer 20

Abolished in the British Empire, 1833

Question 21

Factory Act

Answer 21

Limited children’s and adolescents workweek in textile factories

Question 22

Corn Laws

Answer 22

Repealed in 846. They had imposed a tariff on imported grain and were a symbolic protection of aristocratic landholdings