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Disciplines of History > Revolutions > Flashcards

Revolutions Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Marx see revolutions?

A

As class struggles

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2
Q

How did Weber see revolutions?

A

As linked to rationalisation and administrative centralisation

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3
Q

What did Tocqueville see revolutions as rooted in?

A

Relative deprivation

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4
Q

How were revolutions perceived in the mid-20th century?

A

As cataclysmically destructive moments, when things go decisively wrong. Negative cases of the maintenance of social order

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5
Q

Who said that the study of revolutions should be more comparative?

A

Moore, 1960s

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6
Q

Who has stressed the historical specificity of revolutions?

A

Skocpol and Bonnel

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7
Q

What does Tilly argue we should look beyond?

A

The individual psyche

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8
Q

What does Goldstone focus on, rather than ideology and political culture?

A

A structural analysis

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9
Q

Who argued that modernisation destabilises regimes and causes revolutions?

A

Huntingdon

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10
Q

Who has seen post-revolutionary economic development as marked by increased inequality and status inheritance?

A

Kelley, Klein

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11
Q

What halts the potential for sweeping economic reforms?

A

World economy

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12
Q

How does Hobsbawm describe revolutions?

A

As “incidents in macro-historical change”. Breaking points.

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13
Q

What is Greiwank’s three pronged definition of revolutions?

A

1) violent and sudden shock - breaking through / overturning
2) Social - movement of groups and masses
3) Programmatic idea or ideology with positive objectives

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14
Q

How does Greiwank view revolutions?

A

Revolution = syndrome. Combination of symptoms

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15
Q

How did Lenin see things unfold during revolutions?

A

Planned action takes place in the context of uncontrollable forces

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16
Q

Who sees revolutions as the “forcible replacement of one regime by another”?

A

Calvert

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17
Q

How did Aristotle view revolutions?

A

As unexceptional. A necessary fact of political change.

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18
Q

What is the implication of Aristotle’s view of revolutions?

A

Revolutions as a political, not a social concept

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19
Q

What does Dunn argue revolutions need?

A

The notion of progress

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20
Q

How does Dunn view revolutions?

A

As a form of massive, violent and rapid social change

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21
Q

What two components did Tilly identify in revolutions?

A

Revolutionary situation and a revolutionary outcome

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22
Q

What defines the ‘revolutionary situation’?

A

Multiple sovereignty; competing claims

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23
Q

What does Goldstone see as a key motive behind revolutions?

A

Relative deprivation; when inequality/class differences are unbearable. Belief that conditions are not inevitable but arise from faults of the regime.

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24
Q

When was the modernisation thesis popular?

A

1960s and 1970s

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25
Q

How does Goldstone define revolutions?

A

“Observed mass mobilisation, institutional change, driving ideology carrying a vision of social justice”

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26
Q

What does Goldstone see as not being associated with revolutions?

A

Poverty; not acts of frustration

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27
Q

Why are peasant forces not enough to lead a revolution? What is needed?

A

Elites / military to stand aside

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28
Q

What three things are generally needed for revolutions to arise, according to Goldstone?

A

1) rulers weak and isolated
2) elites attack government
3) when people see themselves as part of a numerous, united, righteous group that together create change

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29
Q

What 5 things do scholars agree create an unstable social equilibrium?

A 
Economic/fiscal strain 
Alienation/opposition among elites 
Widespread popular anger at injustice
Ideology providing persuasive shared narrative of resistance 
Favourable international relations
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30
Q

What has Goldstone pointed out as being a flaw in the approach taken to revolutions?

A

Implication that society is a passive structure that crumbles when sufficient pressure/force is applied; society continually reconstituted

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31
Q

What are Hobsbawm’s views on comparative study of revolutions?

A

Rarely based on satisfactory criteria of compatibility

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32
Q

What are 3 key problems in the study of revolutions?

A

Public opinion committed to foundational myths, government authority and policy committed to particular interpretations of the past, time-lag between occurrence nad possibility of dispassionate historical analysis

33
Q

What impact does Skocpol see revolutions as having had?

A

Given birth to more powerful nations

34
Q

How does Skocpol define social revolutions?

A

As the basic transformation of a society’s state and class structures

35
Q

What changes in political revolutions, according to Skocpol?

A

State structures

36
Q

What are crucial problems with Skocpol’s interpretation?

A

France was not behind in the manufacturing and commercial sector; no rising cost of war (US WoI 18th century’s cheapest)

37
Q

Who, other than Goldstone, has stressed the inability of the economy, taxation system and mechanisms of elite recruitment to cope with population growth as a cause of the French Revolution?

A

Soboul, Labrousse

38
Q

What differences did Goldstone identify between England and France, linked to the outbreak of the French Revolution?

A

France had a “baroque facade with the same weak foundations”.

39
Q

How can structural causes be defined?

A

Long-term and large-scale trends

40
Q

How can transient causes be defined?

A

Contingent events / actions

41
Q

What are examples of structural causes?

A

Demographic change, shift in international relations, uneven economic development, exclusion/discrimination, personalist regimes

42
Q

What are examples of transient causes, which push a society out of stability?

A

Inflation spikes, defeat in war, riots

43
Q

What is a dominant idea/urge behind revolutions?

A

The urge to destroy the fabric of society because it falls short of the ideal

44
Q

What does Dunn argue is necessary for a revolution to happen?

A

The collapse of social control by the existing political elite

45
Q

Who forwarded ‘aggregate-psychological’ causes for revolutions?

A

Gurr (Why men rebel)

46
Q

What idea is central to Gurr’s thesis?

A

Relative deprivation

47
Q

How does Gurr see revolutions?

A

As internal war

48
Q

On what grounds does Tilly challenge the ‘aggregate-psychological’ cause thesis?

A

Need for organised groups with access to some resources

49
Q

What do not explain why people would be draw to dangerous new political ideas?

A

Ideological shifts

50
Q

What is necessary for new ideologies to produce revolutionary action?

A

A shift in elite positions

51
Q

What does Calvert argue revolutionaries are concerned to show?

A

That their movement is not mob led, but a reasoned movement

52
Q

How does Dunn view revolutions?

A

As an attempt to embody a set of values in a new/renovated social order.

53
Q

What does Dunn see as crucial in triggering successful revolutions? (think persuasion)

A

The ability to persuade vast masses of the already discontented that they have the right / ability to protest

54
Q

As what are revolutionary leaders often lionised?

A

“Fathers of the nation”

55
Q

Why are individuals important, even if historians are keen to minimise their role?

A

Requires skilful revolutionary leadership to take advantage of instability and disorder, and from chaos to construct a successful revolutionary movement

56
Q

What are leaders needed for?

A

To articulate and spread a new vision of society

57
Q

From what stratum do revolutionary leaders often come from

A

Middle - often have a radicalising experience

58
Q

What does Dunn argue there is an inescapable necessity for in all revolutions?

A

1) Mass action

2) Responsible and effective political leadership

59
Q

How does Kalyvas define civil wars?

A

As armed combat within the boundaries of a recognised, sovereign entity, between subjects bound to a common authority at the outset (organised, collective violence within a single polity)

60
Q

How are civil wars stereotyped?

A

Destructive and sterile

61
Q

How are revolutions often stereotyped?

A

Progressive, fertile with innovation

62
Q

What is one major difference between civil wars and revolutions?

A

Civil wars rarely end cleanly and likely to recur

63
Q

How did Burke interpret the French Revolution?

A

Saw France as having fissured into 2 nations

64
Q

Who has seen the Vendee as a localised civil war?

A

Martin, Andress

65
Q

Whose main thesis is that “all major modern revolutions, are at their heart and for much of their course, civil wars”?

A

Armitage

66
Q

What three things often lead to post-revolutionary struggles?

A

Inflation / economic collapse / civil-international law

67
Q

How are moderates often negatively labelled?

A

Reactionaries / traitors

68
Q

How do revolutions often begin?

A

With the government losing control of a portion of its population / territory?

69
Q

What two things mark the 2nd stage of a revolution?

A

Central collapse and peripheral advance

70
Q

What is the general trend of revolutions?

A

Order > Disorder > Order

71
Q

What most commonly happens after the ‘terror’ stage of a revolution?

A

New institutionalised government adopts normal careerism, rather than ideologically driven passion as its approach to politics

72
Q

After how long is there often a final burst of revolutionary energy?

A

2 decades

73
Q

After how many years does a stable, new, and revolutionary regime emerge?

A

10-12 years

74
Q

What often happens in social revolutions once they are confirmed?

A

Redistribution of large amounts of property

75
Q

What often happens in response to counter-revolutions?

A

Often produce highly centralised, authoritarian states.

76
Q

What do democratising revolutions aim at?

A

To overturn an authoritarian regime. Replacement by more accountable and representative regime.

77
Q

What characterises a democratising revolution?

A

Cross-social spectrum support, lack ideological fervour, non-violent.

78
Q

What do democratising revolutions often lead to?

A

Flawed democracies and corruption

Disciplines of History (4 decks)

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