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Archives Flashcards

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1
Q

How can we label archivists?

A

Truth-tellers

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2
Q

What did historians/archivists use to stress was most important?

A

Having a full historical record

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3
Q

What did the main challenge use to be for historians?

A

To collect and preserve as many historically significant documents as possible?

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4
Q

What was historians’ role in all this?

A

To examine, fill gaps and correct

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5
Q

Whose study focuses on local archives?

A

Proctor’s

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6
Q

Who does he argue need to help local archivists?

A

The client group

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7
Q

List some reasons why archives have been created in the past

A

To meet legal requirements, to protect rights, to remove rights, to entertain, to create cohesion, to create a communal memory

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8
Q

What was/is the most common role?

A

A combination of record-keeping and access

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9
Q

What is a key role for archivists?

A

To manage information from the point of creation to the point of access

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10
Q

Who was a leading archivist in the past?

A

Jenkinson

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11
Q

What did Jenkinson stress?

A

Preservation as priority

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12
Q

What is a quote from Jenkinson of an archivist’s task?

A

Managing, collecting, preserving and enabling access to information in whatever shape and form the time demands

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13
Q

What is the main of the ISA’s main archivist?

A

Lozowick

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14
Q

What highlights newly digitised material from the ISA?

A

English language blog

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15
Q

What is the main focus of archival administration?

A

Preservation and care of unique records of actions

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16
Q

What is the term for respecting the arrangement of sources?

A

Respect des fonds

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17
Q

On what is the study of history based?

A

One generation’s ability to understand events, motives, environments of previous generations through the research of information collected or left behind

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18
Q

What is the literal definition of an archive?

A

In a literal sense it refers to both the body of documentation and the repository housing it

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19
Q

What is the metaphorical definition of an archive?

A

Oppressive discursive system enforcing official versions of history. Also a liberating embodiment of alternative and subjective forms of lived experience.

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20
Q

Who argues that an archive includes people’s memories?

A

Burton

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21
Q

What is the quote by Burton of what an archive entails?

A

Any mode or site wherein knowledge is gathered together

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22
Q

What three types of components does an archive have, exerting a subtle/insidious influence on what constitutes an acceptable / unacceptable form of inquiry?

A

Physical, organisational and human

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23
Q

List some things which can have a subtle influence on what constitutes an acceptable / unacceptable form of inquiry?

A

Architecture, finding aids, methods of arrangement, descriptions, referencing service

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24
Q

How does Brown define an archive?

A

Repository, place or space in which materials of historical interest or social significance are stored and ordered

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25
Q

How can a national archive be defined?

A

The storing and ordering place of the collective memory of that nation or peoples

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26
Q

What was the impact of the rise of the state?

A

Gave rise to modern archives, libraries, museums as places of secular, national memory

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27
Q

What was the role of the archive with the rise of the state?

A

To help store and create imagined communities

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28
Q

What are archives, if not just guardians of memory?

A

Manufacturers of memory

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29
Q

What have structuralists shown?

A

That a logical, categorical order easily becomes a social or moral hierarchy

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30
Q

What are examples of subtle hierarchies in archives?

A

Culture-nature, right-left, black-white

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31
Q

What do archivists argue about the classifications of materials?

A

That classifications emerge from the inherent order of the material

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32
Q

How does Stoler see archives?

A

Archives as places of knowledge production, monuments of state and sites of state ethnography

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33
Q

Who has stressed the impact of outward forms of paper records, as influencing the researcher?

A

Craven

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34
Q

What sources are especially vulnerable?

A

Born digital sources

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35
Q

Why are ‘born digital’ sources vulnerable?

A

Their survival is determined by their current use and usefulness for creations, rather than any potential archival value

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36
Q

What has Proctor predicted?

A

The end of local history

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37
Q

Why are local materials more vulnerable?

A

The archive sector at a local level is too small to sustain separate preservation strategies

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38
Q

What two things challenge the notion of the longevity and permanence of archives?

A

Nature and multiplicity of blogs and web communication

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39
Q

What does the explosion of sources require?

A

A revolution in preservation tactics

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40
Q

What now outdated view did Jenkinson hold?

A

That archives are not collected, but come together and reach their final arrangements by a natural process

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41
Q

What percentage of the British Library’s material is digitised?

A

1%

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42
Q

What is increasing faster than archival resources?

A

Records increasing in quantity and complexity

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43
Q

What is the result of archives being dependent on external funding?

A

Must stay attuned to the expectations of customers and patrons

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44
Q

Who argued that learning to use a database and scan materials etc. takes up time that could be used to write?

A

Andersen

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45
Q

Who argued that “it is quite clear that historians will have to grapple with abundance, not scarcity?

A

Cohen

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46
Q

What was the impact of the linguistic turn?

A

Texts can no longer be read as confident guides to the past. Undermines confidence in the scientific method.

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47
Q

What is a key quote to reflect the linguistic turn?

A

All representations of the past are constructed in the present

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48
Q

What are the implications of technological innovations, according to Ridener?

A

They have created an expectation of democratic-record keeping

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49
Q

What was the impact of the creation of the typewriter?

A

The ability to quickly create multiple copies. Problems of duplication and authentication

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50
Q

What are the problems with data-migration?

A

It is expensive and time-consuming

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51
Q

What is the equivalent of data-migration?

A

Equivalent of photocopying all books in a library every five years

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52
Q

Who is a leading figure in digital archiving?

A

Hedstrom

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53
Q

What does Hedstrom argue digital archivists must do?

A

Develop solutions that are appropriate, effective, affordable and acceptable

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54
Q

What did Marshal argue in 1964?

A

The medium is the message

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55
Q

Who argues that the medium can impact the interpretation and message?

A

McLuhan

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56
Q

What company is the main authority on digital media?

A

NIST

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57
Q

What is the range in lifespan of digital media?

A

20-200 years

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58
Q

What can ruin a CD or DVD?

A

A stray static charge or magnetic field

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59
Q

50% of what are now unreadable?

A

Hansard links

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60
Q

Who argues that we are living in the midst of a digital dark age?

A

Kuny

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61
Q

What makes it difficult to concentrate on a page?

A

When the position of words are constantly changing

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62
Q

Who stresses the loss of experience and impact on learning on digital sources?

A

Towheed

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63
Q

What three problems does Towheed highlight with digitisation?

A

Scanning Chinese characters, optical character recognition, data download restrictions

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64
Q

What electronic database is not aimed at browsing?

A

British Newspapers 1800-1900

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65
Q

What kind of newspapers are difficult to digitise?

A

Broadsheets

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66
Q

What is becoming more remote and hard to reconstruct?

A

The experience of casual browsing

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67
Q

Who declared that America was in danger of losing its memory in 1985?

A

Committee on Records of Government

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68
Q

What aspects are there to making an online database / what do you need digital tools for?

A

To receive, process and store submissions

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69
Q

What technical challenges are there to making an online database?

A

Installing and configuring appropriate software

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70
Q

What is a problem with digital material beyond data corruption?

A

All digital material needs a special set of eyes, unique hardware, accompanying operating system and application software

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71
Q

What has meant that webpages from the 1990s might be unreadable?

A

Several versions of HTML

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72
Q

What does Towheed argue there is a loss of familiarity with?

A

Size, shape, form, smell, texture

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73
Q

What is a problem with mass digitisation?

A

Presents an unreflective level-playing field

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74
Q

Why are digital materials harder to authenticate?

A

There is no clear notion of an original

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75
Q

Who sees the internet as dangerous?

A

Himmelfarb

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76
Q

How many books is Google planning to digitise?

A

15 million

77
Q

What area of research is already dominated by electronic books?

A

Physical sciences

78
Q

What are practical problems with physical archives?

A

Shelf space is expensive, stacks must be kept at the right temperature and humidity, and must be lit, cleaned, inspected and insured

79
Q

What percentage of records are permanently accessioned by the National Archives?

A

2%

80
Q

After how many years are records reviewed at TNA?

A

5 years

81
Q

What books could be revolutionary in the future?

A

Multi-layered books

82
Q

What is a crucial benefit for historians, with the increased amount of digital material?

A

It allows for longer-term engagement and closer reading

83
Q

Digitisation marks the end of…

A

The tyranny of shelf space

84
Q

Who argues that digitisation allows you to be more adventurous with research?

A

Towheed

85
Q

What is a good summary of what is happening in the archive sector (Towheed)?

A

Change, but not revolution surrounds us

86
Q

How does Kahle view the internet?

A

As the people’s medium

87
Q

Who argues that the quality of web-based historical resources is surprisingly good and improving?

A

Rosenzweig

88
Q

How does the British Library justify the use of digitisation?

A

It opens up new areas of research

89
Q

Who argues that colonial archives are technologies that bolstered the production of states?

A

Stoler

90
Q

What did colonial publishing houses do?

A

Made sure that documents were selectively duplicated, disseminated and destroyed

91
Q

What does Guha argue about colonial documents?

A

Erased the facts of subjugation

92
Q

How do colonial archives distort past realities?

A

Petty crime becomes political subversion

93
Q

Who has studied French archives in Algeria?

A

Colonna

94
Q

What did French archives in Algeria do to those who worked in government?

A

Penalised those with too much or insufficient knowledge

95
Q

Who helps the ISA with large-scanning scanning of holdings?

A

Heritage Division of the Prime Minister’s office

96
Q

Who helped the ISA digitise maps and photos?

A

Department of Judaism, Harvard

97
Q

Who helped the Zionist archives?

A

Holocaust Museum, Washington

98
Q

What is the slogan used by Lozowick?

A

“Help us preserve the national memory of the Jewish people”

99
Q

What letter did the ISA scan this year on 5th May?

A

Truman’s letter

100
Q

Who argued that “who controls the past controls the future, who controls the present controls the past”?

A

Orwell

101
Q

With what motive can archives be reshaped?

A

To enshrine particular historical narratives

102
Q

What did McCormick describe archives as?

A

Colonial weapons of oppression

103
Q

What were seized in 1974?

A

Nixon White House tapes

104
Q

What does the Vatican possess?

A

The finest collection of sexually explicit art

105
Q

What is an example of the politics of access?

A

Arafat’s visit to the American Holocaust Museum

106
Q

Who argues that there are imposed silences of the Haitian Revolution?

A

Trouillot

107
Q

How does Foucault view archives?

A

Not as an institution, but the law of what can be said

108
Q

What did Derrida say about archives and political power?

A

There is no political power without control of the archive

109
Q

How does Stoler see archives constructing moral narratives?

A

By ordering evidence, proof, testimonies and witnesses

110
Q

How does Proctor see the difficulties of over-abundance being countered?

A

With the increased sophistication of search engines and portals

111
Q

Who does Craven see as being far ahead of archives?

A

Museum profession

112
Q

What should we focus on to help preservation?

A

Short-term preservation horizons

113
Q

What well-known solutions are there for preserving digital materials?

A

Frequent backups in multiple locations, regular data-transferring

114
Q

What is used by the British Library to simulate a real reading experience?

A

Turning Pages TM

115
Q

What reflects backward looking solutions to the problems of digitisation?

A

Translating digital information into something more familiar and reassuring. To preserve original equipment

116
Q

How is the ISA trying to work out what is most important to preserve?

A

Asking the public what to prioritise

117
Q

How many km of records are kept by the ISA?

A

40 km

118
Q

What is a big task facing the ISA? What will this amount to?

A

Must make a list of each government position and function. 100 000

119
Q

What has hindered the preservation of digital material in Israel?

A

No procedure for archiving digital documentation

120
Q

What company claims to “own the Eighteenth Century”?

A

Thomson Corporation

121
Q

How many pages of text and titles does the Thompson Corporation have in its database?

A

33 million papers, 150 000 titles

122
Q

What database is the equivalent of an assistant professor’s annual salary?

A

ProQuest historical newspapers

123
Q

What is the impact of the high cost of subscribing to electronic databases?

A

In danger of reproducing the information divide

124
Q

By what doctrine are books etc. commanded?

A

First sale doctrine

125
Q

How does the legal system upholding books contrast with that of digital goods?

A

Digital goods are licensed, not sold

126
Q

Why have publishers not assumed preservation responsibility?

A

No obvious profit to be made

127
Q

What is on the NY Times’ website?

A

Robot exclusion file

128
Q

When did the Internet Archive begin archiving?

A

1996

129
Q

What French Revolution decree links to archives?

A

Article 37 of Messidor Decree. The principle of accessibility to public records

130
Q

How many emails were sent daily in 2005?

A

35 billion

131
Q

Who argues that e-technology should have addressed the problems posed by emails as it evolved?

A

Friedberg

132
Q

What basic problem undermines emails as a future source?

A

Hard-drive space on mail servers means mailboxes must be routinely cleared

133
Q

What is a main problem with printing emails?

A

Breaks crucial links between related messages and attachments

134
Q

What can radically alter a message’s meaning?

A

Removing a subject heading

135
Q

How many emails did the Clinton admin send each year?

A

6 million

136
Q

When were the PLO’s archives destroyed?

A

1982 Lebanon invasion

137
Q

Who designed the building of the CZA in 1987?

A

Moshe Zahti

138
Q

What else was created by the architect who designed the CZA building?

A

Temple of Memory at the Holocaust Memorial, Moscow

139
Q

When did the ISA replace its “magic software”?

A

2007

140
Q

With what did the ISA replace its “magic software”?

A

New Technologies’ Documentum

141
Q

What does Lozowick see the purpose of archives as being?

A

Civic ends

142
Q

What quote from Lozowick exemplifies his view of an archives’ mission?

A

The mission of the archive is to transfer documentation of the government to the possession of the governed

143
Q

What technologies are used by Yad Vashem?

A

Multilingual search tool and Google maps

144
Q

What major historical texts have now been digitised?

A

Dead Sea Scrolls, Codex Sinaticus

145
Q

What archive was created by Steven Spielberg and where is it?

A

Jewish Film Archive. Mount Scopus

146
Q

What kind of material is held at Yad Vashem and the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish people?

A

Microfilm

147
Q

What new app was released by the ISA’s twitter?

A

Documenting Camp David Accord on the 35th anniversary

148
Q

What event was talked about by the ISA’s twitter, showing its political nature/role?

A

MV Struma 1942

149
Q

What is kept secret by the ISA?

A

Location of classified information

150
Q

What is kept in a thick, leather book and leather-embossed? What is Lozowick’s justification for this?

A

Israel-Egypt Peace Agreement. “It is a very special document”

151
Q

What object is kept by the ISA?

A

Gun used to shoot PM Rabin

152
Q

At what four stages does Trouillot see silencing happening?

A

Fact creation, fact assembly, fact retrieval, moment of retrospective significance

153
Q

What must be remembered about archival documents?

A

They are never reality in themselves

154
Q

How many books had been scanned by the Internet Archives by 1 November 2009?

A

821786

155
Q

What is the equivalent of the number of records created by the US Federal Government each year?

A

124 years of records from Washington-Wilson

156
Q

What legislation was introduced in 2004 in Britain?

A

Central government bodies had to create a manage electronic records

157
Q

What must electronic record management systems have now in Britain?

A

Archival functionality

158
Q

What does “archive functionality” mean?

A

The ability to recognise and manage potential archival value

159
Q

What determined that government bodies must transfer records of archival value to TNA?

A

Public Records Act

160
Q

What harvests a selection of government websites at regular intervals?

A

UK Government Web Archive

161
Q

To what kind of records does the PRA relate to?

A

Legal, court, prison, health and military records

162
Q

What requirements do not extend to local government records?

A

“Modernising government” requirements

163
Q

What is there no fixed link between? (Think Proctor)

A

Between local authority departments and local record offices

164
Q

How can TNA be described?

A

In house repository

165
Q

What are local record offices technically?

A

Collecting repositories

166
Q

What percentage of local, electronic records are accessioned in England?

A

94%

167
Q

What enforced the concept of the public’s “right of access”?

A

2000 Freedom of Information act

168
Q

What is the impact of Uzbekistan’s archives been separated into ‘historical’ and ‘revolutionary’ sections?

A

Deters efforts to locate continuities

169
Q

When did Netanyahu extend classification by 20 years?

A

2010

170
Q

What was Netanyahu accused of doing by extending Israel’s classification period?

A

Avoiding less than heroic chapters

171
Q

How did Goldstein describe the closure of Israel’s archives by 20 years?

A

Against the spirit of an open society

172
Q

What documents are off-limits in Israeli archives?

A

Mossad, Shin Bet, nuclear energy

173
Q

How many electronic downloads were there from TNA in 2006-07?

A

66 million

174
Q

What percentage of historians use digital or electronic reproductions?

A

21%

175
Q

What percentage of historians least liked using electronic reproductions?

A

6%

176
Q

How many records are digitised by the CZA?

A

2876000

177
Q

How many documents, photos, maps, posters are scanned by the CZA?

A

12 million

178
Q

What does Lozowick deny his job as being?

A

Damage control

179
Q

Who visited the ISA recently?

A

John Kerry

180
Q

What is the name of the Palestinian attempting to create a Palestinian Library of Congress?

A

Sami Batrawi

181
Q

How many books did Sami Batrawi’s father leave him?

A

15000

182
Q

On what topic would Batrawi’s project be useful?

A

Palestinian National Heritage

183
Q

What is Batrawi’s role in the PA?

A

Director General of Intellectual Property Unit of Ministry of Culture

184
Q

How many Palestinians have a graduate degree in library science?

A

Less than 12

185
Q

For how many years has Batrawi tried to create a Library of Congress, hindered by government bureaucracy?

A

Over two years

186
Q

What does the PA lack?

A

A uniform copyright law

187
Q

How many volumes of ‘abandoned property’ from Palestinians are in Israel’s National Library?

A

30 000

188
Q

What do some Palestinians fear might happen if all their records are in one place?

A

That Israel will destroy it

Disciplines of History (4 decks)

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