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Oral History Flashcards

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1
Q

How can oral history succinctly be described?

A

As immediate history

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2
Q

What is a relevant African proverb?

A

Every old man that dies is a library that burns

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3
Q

Who founded the modern concept of oral history?

A

Nevins, Columbia University

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4
Q

What is the contradiction between the term ‘oral history’ and its origins?

A

Oral history is as old as history, despite the term being new

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5
Q

Who practiced oral history in the 19th century?

A

Michelet

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6
Q

When was Michelet born and what did he use in his history?

A
  1. Official documents and popular political opinion
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7
Q

How did Michelet describe people?

A

As “living documents”

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8
Q

What is oral history, if not a new branch of history?

A

A technique

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9
Q

Why is the term ‘oral history’ confusing?

A

Can be used in any branch of history

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10
Q

What is one major value of oral history for the study of history?

A

Valuable to study history not just through he terms and categories of contemporaries

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11
Q

What is the political nature of oral history?

A

Political aim of creating histories of the oppressed, to gain support for a cause, public affirmation, therapeutic benefit

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12
Q

What suggests that a major role of oral history is its empowerment potential?

A

Interviewees only agree to be interviewed because they endorse a project as worth doing

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13
Q

Who argues that reticence is an assertion of the narrator’s authority?

A

Layman

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14
Q

What is the impact of oral history on historical writing?

A

Engages and enriches scope of historical writing

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15
Q

What enables oral history to be flexible?

A

Able to pin down evidence just where needed

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16
Q

What kind of sources are traditionally more likely to be destroyed?

A

Personal, local and unofficial ones

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17
Q

What three major things can oral histories tell us?

A

What people wanted to do, what they believed they were doing, and what they now think tehy did

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18
Q

What kind of projects are founded on oral history?

A

Truth and reconciliation projects

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19
Q

What link was established in the 1960s?

A

Oral history and feminism

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20
Q

Who undertook the ‘Voices of Rwanda’ project?

A

Krauss

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21
Q

What did Antoinette from the Rwanda project say?

A

“If I die without talking here, my family will disappear from the root”

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22
Q

What does Thompson argue about the reliability of oral sources relative to written sources?

A

“Neither oral nor written evidence can be said to be generally superior. It depends on the context”

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23
Q

Whose study focussed on ‘boundary crossings’?

A

McCormick and Mouton

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24
Q

What kind of information do ‘boundary crossings’ provide?

A

Raw, vital and disruptive of the usual narrative

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25
Q

What has Peled argued oral history enables us to do?

A

Draw a vibrant historical portrait

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26
Q

Who argued that oral history was “intrinsically different and therefore specifically useful”?

A

Peled

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27
Q

Who has argued that Palestinian memory is at a “double jeopardy of erasure”?

A

Swedenberg

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28
Q

What can oral history (positively) undermine?

A

The gravitational pull exerted by the meta-narrative on local and personal narratives

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29
Q

What does Evans argue about oral history’s uses?

A

That it has a limited ability to transmit knowledge

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30
Q

What does Evans concede about oral history?

A

That sometimes, a body of factual knowledge exists only in memories

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31
Q

What does Vansina argue is the power of oral history?

A

To present humans from a different angle to that in archives

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32
Q

When did Edward Said stress oral history’s role in Palestinian history?

A

1998

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33
Q

Who argues that oral history has a role in documenting villages, and thus legitimising claims of refugees?

A

Gluck

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34
Q

What Palestinian Project was established in 2002?

A

Palestine Remembered

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35
Q

How many videos of oral history, in 14 towns, have been recorded for “Palestine Remembered”?

A

342

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36
Q

With oral history, there is the danger that the individual will…

A

Assume collective significance

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37
Q

What often occurs in Palestinian oral histories?

A

The “we” is often invoked

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38
Q

What is the use of ‘we’ problematic, according to Gluck?

A

Can mute experiences, mask differences and struggles

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39
Q

What is the impact of conducting oral histories in a digital age?

A

May tell story differently if online; instantly accessible and easily manipulated

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40
Q

What is the impact of using a transcript?

A

Turns oral objects into visual ones

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41
Q

When was oral history first criticised by conservatives, and when was it criticised by liberals?

A

1970s, late 1970s and 1980s

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42
Q

What was the main accusation made against oral history?

A

Critical of its “complacent populism”

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43
Q

What is often ignored by those outside of the oral historian community?

A

Oral history’s increasing theoretical sophistication

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44
Q

What are the key problems with using transcripts?

A

Tone, volume, rhythm lost. Carry implicit meaning and social connotations

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45
Q

How does the linguistic turn link to oral history?

A

Implication that there is no social reality beyond the language which forms the past

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46
Q

What is a genuine and legitimate criticism of oral history?

A

Academic conventions are looser with oral history citations and footnotes

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47
Q

What kind of oral history is difficult?

A

Elite. Rehearsed; lives for posterity

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48
Q

What are Starr’s criticisms of oral history?

A

“Memory is fallible, ego distorts and contradiction sometimes go unresolved”

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49
Q

Who stresses the reliability/credibility of oral sources?

A

Portelli

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50
Q

In what does Portelli see the importance of oral history?

A

Departure from fact, the influence of imagination, symbolism, desire.

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51
Q

Wrong statements are…

A

Psychologically ‘true’

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52
Q

What must be remembered about written sources?

A

They are often the uncontrolled transmission of unidentified oral sources

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53
Q

What did O’Farrell argue in 1979?

A

Oral history will lead us not into history, but into myth

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54
Q

What is a crucial difference between oral sources and analogue sources?

A

Written sources exist either way; they are fixed. Their content can only be interpreted.

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55
Q

Who argues that diaries and autobiographies are more circumspect that oral sources?

A

Marwick

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56
Q

What did Taylor argue about written sources?

A

Useless except for atmosphere. One-way communication. (?)

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57
Q

What does Plummer argue the aim of oral history should be?

A

To reveal bias, not pretend they can be nullified

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58
Q

Who stresses the importance of ‘traces’?

A

Tonkin

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59
Q

What reveals oral historians’ insecurity about their profession?

A

Reluctance to conceive their work as oral history

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60
Q

Who argues for the need for a “dialogue” between oral history and written sources? Why?

A

Peled. For the sake of striving for truth and balancing the historical picture

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61
Q

What three things does Thompson recommend doing to overcome illusions/memory faults?

A

Look for 1) internal consistency. 2) Aware of potential bias 3) confirmation in other sources

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62
Q

What does Harris remind us about what oral history does not do?

A

That it does exonerate historians from searching for and using written documents exhaustively

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63
Q

What did Green identify as a change in oral history in the 1970s, in response to criticisms?

A

Reorientated towards social and cultural contexts shaping memories. Focus on how individual recollections fit cultural scripts

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64
Q

What are memories of war shaped by?

A

Templates of war remembrance

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65
Q

What does a focus on ‘collective memory’ assume?

A

That there is little space for a consciously reflective individual

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66
Q

What does Thompson argue it is easier to identify for oral history?

A

Forgeries, author, social purpose

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67
Q

What was created and standardised in response to criticisms about oral history?

A

“Scientific model” for the interview.

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68
Q

What does the scientific model for the oral history interview recommend/stress?

A

The value of preparation, rapport and intimacy, open-ended questions, no interrupting, allow pauses and silences, no use of jargon.

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69
Q

Who argues that memories are fallible on individual events, but illuminating on character and atmosphere?

A

James

70
Q

What is technically incorrect, but interesting for the historian?

A

The imagination of an alternative past

71
Q

What kind of memories are often suppressed?

A

Discreditable and dangerous memories

72
Q

What is the impact of oppressive political contexts on oral histories?

A

Produce repressed, conflicting and dissonant memories

73
Q

How does Passerini view silences?

A

Silence is as much concerned with remembering as forgetting

74
Q

Who conducted a story on the Holocaust?

A

Roseman

75
Q

What did Roseman’s study unveil about memory?

A

The difficulty of remembering an unbearable reality

76
Q

What problems and distortions arose in Roseman’s Holocaust study?

A

Small exaggerations, magnifications of experience, time doubled and trebled, e.g. father’s incarceration at Dachau

77
Q

Who argued that “all memory is structured by a group identity”?

A

Fentress

78
Q

What is the problem with treating memory objectively, according to Fentress?

A

It makes memory an object

79
Q

Who conducted a story on French involvement with the FLN?

A

Evans

80
Q

What enabled a richness in the memories recalled?

A

Many had been under 30 and so memories had “frozen over”; sharpness not diminished

81
Q

What enabled Evans’ study to improve memory-recall?

A

Tried to recreate the atmosphere of the time

82
Q

What memories were reignited during the Algerian War of Independence?

A

Memories of Vichy France

83
Q

How does Thompson see memory?

A

Memories discarded over time. Initial most drastic and violent.

84
Q

What does memory often link to?

A

Interest and comprehension

85
Q

How does Halbswachs view individual recollection?

A

Within a framework of collective memory

86
Q

How does Confino see collective memory as being created?

A

Through vehicles of memory, e.g. books and films

87
Q

Who views memory as the mental faculty by which we preserve and recover our pasts?

A

Hynes

88
Q

What separates memory from just an image of the past?

A

The process of reaching back

89
Q

How does Wood distinguish between collective and individual memory?

A

Collective memory has a high degree of intentionality, whilst individual memory lacks a similar sense of purpose

90
Q

What arguably makes individual dimensions of memory insignificant?

A

The fact that the context of remembering determines personal recall

91
Q

Who argues that memory should be the object, at the centre-stage of oral history?

A

Frisch

92
Q

How might the presence of others affect oral histories, according to Thompson?

A

Less boasting, more likely to conform

93
Q

What kind of memories will be recalled if interview is conducted in a house?

A

Pressure of respectable, home-centred ideals

94
Q

Who has seen as “shared authority” between historians and informants?

A

Frisch

95
Q

What do historians realise when conducting oral history, according to Thompson?

A

That their activity is pursued in a social context with political implications

96
Q

Why is the selection process important?

A

Self-selected groups are rarely fully representative. Dominated by the working class and middle class.

97
Q

Finish the quote by Grele: Nowhere is that dictum…

A

‘history is what the historian says it is’ more apparent than in oral history

98
Q

How can narrators assert their authority?

A

By redirecting the conversational narrative

99
Q

What is the impact of the interviewee knowing the interviewer?

A

May say what they think the historian wants to known, based on who they think the researcher is

100
Q

What must the interviewer give priority to?

A

To what the informer wants to say

101
Q

What can oral history not be told without?

A

Without taking sides

102
Q

Who argues that by engaging with objects of study, the investigator becomes part of the story?

A

Figlio

103
Q

How can one view the inauguration of al oral history project?

A

As the beginning of a relationship (Filgio)

104
Q

How does oral history undermine the position of a historian, according to Portelli?

A

Undermines the historian as an external and omniscient narrator

105
Q

Who has pointed out that the personal involvement of the historian is now seen as the touchstone of OH?

A

Roper

106
Q

What is the impact of the ‘reflexive turn’ in the social sciences on oral history?

A

Idea that knowledge is a production of interactions; thus, interview is a relationship, not a narrative.

107
Q

Who argued that the interview is a transference situation, whether we like it or not?

A

Figlio

108
Q

What is empathy shaped by?

A

Post-emotional residues

109
Q

How can the interview setting be seen, according to Figlio?

A

As the enactment of emotional fragments of past relationships in the present?

110
Q

Who asked, ‘do I like them too much’?

A

Yow

111
Q

What does Harris think creates serious theoretical problems?

A

The injection of the historian into the scene

112
Q

Who confessed that despite trying to be objective, sometimes historians become involved with the narrator?

A

Terkel

113
Q

Where in Israel has been undertaking oral histories since 1959?

A

Hebrew University’s Oral History Department, and the Institute of Contemporary Jewry

114
Q

What kind of project does the Hebrew University want to undertake?

A

With Holocaust survivors’ children (reflects concern with legacy)

115
Q

Where did Peled undertake his oral history project and when?

A

Upper Galilee, 2006-11

116
Q

What did Peled’s oral history focus on?

A

The relationship between social groups pre-1948

117
Q

What concerns were raised about Peled’s background?

A

Whether a foreigner has the real ability to express the voice of a forgotten peoples. An Arabic-speaking Israeli Jew. “Devious orientalist”.

118
Q

What are the potential benefits of Peled’s background?

A

Ability to understand differently; more willing to open up, like with strangers

119
Q

What groups have been omitted from the written and photographic history of the Galilee?

A

Al Mawasi and Fatussa

120
Q

Because of a lack of other sources, how can Peled’s oral history be viewed?

A

As the decision to record any history at all.

121
Q

What does Peled’s history examine?

A

The relations between the Bedouins of Mawasi and the fellahin of Fatussa

122
Q

What was one event which Peled managed to cross-check?

A

Mawasi wedding

123
Q

What increases the reliability of oral histories collected by Peled?

A

These people were mostly illiterate, and thus skilled in oral transmission

124
Q

Who funded a Nakba Oral History project?

A

Palestine Remembered, an NGO.

125
Q

What did the Nakba Oral History project aim to achieve?

A

To increase community feeling and connect to roots

126
Q

What is Yad Vashem specifically important for?

A

Recollection and collective memorialisation of the Shoah

127
Q

What project was created in 2002 in Lebanon?

A

A Nakba archive

128
Q

How many videos have been created by the nakba archive?

A

Over 500. 1000 hours worth.

129
Q

From how many villages pre-1948, and UNWRA camps were the oral histories taken?

A

135 villages, 12 camps

130
Q

What digital components are there to the archive?

A

Database and search engine

131
Q

What is the continued problem with the ‘New History’?

A

It is macro-historical

132
Q

What do Israeli historians deny, due to an absence in written documents?

A

Any massacres

133
Q

How can the Nakba be seen>

A

As a site of/for collective memory and history; something that connects all Palestinians

134
Q

What Israeli product was started in 2007?

A

Toldot Yisrael

135
Q

What is the goal of the Toldolt Yisrael project?

A

To create a video archive and interactive database.

136
Q

How many interviews have been undertaken, and amongst whom?

A

500; Prisoners of War, politicians, Mossad agents

137
Q

How many Holocaust survivors were interviewed as part of Speilberg’s Shoah project?

A

52 000

138
Q

Who created the Toldot Yisrael project and with what goal?

A

Halvini; curious about what he would have done.

139
Q

How many potential interviewees are left?

A

50 000

140
Q

By what rate are they decreasing annually?

A

20%

141
Q

What can the project be linked to?

A

Growing attacks on Israel’s legitimacy; potential impact of Israel on Jewish pride and purpose

142
Q

What project did Nusair conduct?

A

One on three generations of Palestinian women

143
Q

What is often avoided in the oral histories of Palestinian women?

A

Question of rape

144
Q

What did the first generation of women reveal?

A

That lift was immensely difficult at first. No education or Hebrew. Pride at maintaining dignity

145
Q

What did all three women agree on?

A

Alienation from Israel

146
Q

What was important about the locality?

A

Site for belonging and resistance

147
Q

Where did Meari conduct an oral history?

A

In a village at Birreh

148
Q

What did Meari’s project highlight?

A

The contradictory, gendered descriptions of agricultural work in the 1930s

149
Q

What approach does Matar take?

A

A generational focus

150
Q

What did one Jaffa refugee say in Matar’s project?

A

“We cannot let go. There is a need to keep talking and telling our story”

151
Q

How was Nazareth portrayed?

A

As an “imagined Palestine within Israel”

152
Q

Why does Masalha see oral history as important?

A

Vital tool for recovering the voice of the subaltern

153
Q

What groups have been marginalised from Palestinian history?

A

Bedouins, peasants, women.

154
Q

What role did oral history have post 1948?

A

As an “emergency science”, a buffer against national disappearance

155
Q

What contributes to the silencing of Palestinian past?

A

Israeli historians’ insistence that only archival (aka. IDF) sources are impartial

156
Q

What percentage of fellahin were literate in 1948?

A

15%

157
Q

Who has stressed the bias towards written sources?

A

Khalidi

158
Q

Who conducted a study of refugees in Lebanon and Jordan in 2001?

A

Esber

159
Q

Whose work contested Morris’ conclusions?

A

Esber’s

160
Q

What did Esber’s work show?

A

That expulsions began before 14th May

161
Q

From where did Esber interview refugees?

A

75/225 locales that had fallen before 15th May. From Nazareth to Beersheba

162
Q

What does Kassem’s project focus on?

A

How, not what, they remembered. Palestinian women outside Israel

163
Q

How many people did Kassem interview in total? Male/female ratio? From where?

A

37 women, 6 men. Lyd and Ramleh

164
Q

What kind of political terms did men use? What fraction of women used the same?

A

Conquest, occupation. 3/37 - communists

165
Q

What term was used by some women, and what does this suggest potentially?

A

“Migration”. Internalisation of Zionist discourse? Kassem argues it represents resistance and agency.

166
Q

Why is the term ‘nakba’ avoided?

A

Differentiates from refugees

167
Q

Who interviewed refugees in Lebanon?

A

Allan. No passive verbs after 1948.

168
Q

How does Masalha argue women’s bodies can be seen?

A

As ‘sites of memory’; protect Palestinian history from exclusion

169
Q

When did Palestinian Police Project start?

A

2002 - launched properly in 2005

170
Q

What was the budget per interview?

A

£200

171
Q

What troubles did the project encounter?

A

Cost of full translation expensive. Some too old and feeble.

172
Q

How many interviews were undertaken in total?

A

70

Disciplines of History (4 decks)

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