Revision summaries Flashcards
What does Baddeley’s research indicate about coding in short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)?
Acoustic in STM, semantic in LTM
This distinction supports the multi-store model of memory.
What are the three stores represented in the multi-store model of memory (MSM)?
Sensory register, short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM)
MSM outlines the flow of information through these stores.
What is the main coding method for short-term memory (STM)?
Mainly acoustic coding
STM has limited duration and capacity.
How does information transfer from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM)?
Through rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal is one method for this transfer.
What type of coding is primarily used in long-term memory (LTM)?
Mainly semantic coding
LTM has unlimited duration and capacity.
What does research show about the coding, capacity, and duration of STM and LTM?
STM and LTM use different coding and have different capacities
This supports the existence of separate memory stores.
What did studies of amnesia (e.g., KF) reveal about short-term memory (STM)?
Different STMs for visual and auditory material
This suggests the complexity of memory storage.
What is elaborative rehearsal and how does it relate to long-term memory (LTM)?
Transfer to LTM is more about elaboration than maintenance rehearsal
Craik and Watkins highlighted the importance of meaningful processing.
What did Jacobs find regarding digit span in memory research?
9.3 digits, 7.3 letters
This relates to the capacity of short-term memory.
What is the significance of Miller’s research on memory capacity?
7 ± 2 span; chunking extends STM capacity
Miller suggested that grouping items aids retention.
What did Peterson and Peterson conclude about the duration of short-term memory (STM)?
About 18 seconds without rehearsal
This highlights the fleeting nature of STM.
What were the findings of Bahrick et al. regarding the duration of long-term memory (LTM)?
Face recognition 70%, free recall 30% after 48 years
This study used meaningful materials for better recall.
What types of long-term memory are identified in memory research?
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
- Procedural memory
Each type serves a different purpose in memory storage.
What is episodic memory?
Memory for events in our lives, time-stamped
Often likened to a personal diary.
What is semantic memory?
Memory for knowledge of the world, like an encyclopaedia
This includes knowledge of words and facts.
What is procedural memory?
Memory for automatic and skilled behaviors, often unconscious
This is crucial for tasks like riding a bike.
What did clinical evidence from patients like Clive Wearing and HM reveal about memory types?
Damaged episodic memories but intact semantic and procedural memories
This illustrates the separation of memory types in the brain.
What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model (WMM)?
Supervises and allocates tasks to slave subsystems
It has very limited capacity.
What does the phonological loop (PL) handle in the working memory model (WMM)?
Auditory information, coding is acoustic
Capacity is about 2 seconds of speech.
What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS) responsible for?
Visual information, coding is visual
Capacity is 3 or 4 objects.
What does the episodic buffer (EB) do in the working memory model (WMM)?
Integrates data from slave systems and records the order of events
It links to long-term memory.
What did Baddeley et al. find regarding dual-task performance?
Difficult to do two visual or two verbal tasks simultaneously
One visual and one verbal task can be performed together.
True or False: The central executive in the WMM is well-specified.
False
It needs further clarification beyond just ‘attention’.
What is proactive interference?
Old memories disrupt new ones.
