Coding Capacity Duration Flashcards
What is the process of converting information between different forms called?
Coding
What type of words did Group 1 in Baddeley’s study consist of?
Acoustically similar words
Examples include cat, tali, can.
What type of words did Group 2 in Baddeley’s study consist of?
Acoustically dissimilar words
Examples include w, few, cow.
What type of words did Group 3 in Baddeley’s study consist of?
Semantically similar words
Examples include great, large, big.
What type of words did Group 4 in Baddeley’s study consist of?
Semantically dissimilar words
Examples include good, huge, hot.
In Baddeley’s study, what did participants tend to recall worse when using short-term memory?
Acoustically similar words
In Baddeley’s study, what did participants tend to recall worse when using long-term memory?
Semantically similar words
What does Baddeley’s research suggest about how information is coded in short-term and long-term memory?
Acoustically in STM and semantically in LTM
Who conducted research on the capacity of short-term memory?
Joseph Jacobs
What method did Joseph Jacobs use to measure digit span?
Participants recalled digits read out loud in the correct order.
What was the mean digit span found by Jacobs?
9.3 items
What was the mean letter span found by Jacobs?
7.3 items
What did George Miller propose about the capacity of short-term memory?
About 7 items, plus or minus 2
What is chunking in the context of memory?
Grouping sets of digits or letters into units or chunks
According to George Miller, how many words can be recalled as easily as letters?
Five words
What is the duration of short-term memory (STM) as suggested by Peterson and Peterson’s findings?
About 18 seconds unless information is rehearsed.
The study involved students recalling consonant syllables after varying retention intervals.
What method did Peterson and Peterson use to prevent mental rehearsal during their STM research?
Participants counted backwards from a 3-digit number.
This method was used to inhibit rehearsal of the consonant syllable.
What was the average recall percentage after 3 seconds in Peterson and Peterson’s STM study?
About 80%.
This percentage significantly dropped to about 3% after 18 seconds.
How many participants were involved in Harry Bahrick et al.’s LTM study?
392 American participants.
Participants were aged between 17 and 74.
What types of tests were used to assess recall in Bahrick et al.’s study?
Photo-recognition test and free recall test.
The photo-recognition test included 50 photos from high school yearbooks.
What was the accuracy of participants tested within 15 years of graduation in photo recognition?
About 90% accurate.
This accuracy declined to about 70% after 48 years.
What was the free recall accuracy after 15 years and after 48 years according to Bahrick et al.’s findings?
60% after 15 years; 30% after 48 years.
Free recall was generally less accurate than photo recognition.
True or False: Long-term memory (LTM) may last up to a lifetime for some material.
True.
Bahrick et al.’s study suggests that LTM can last a long duration.
Fill in the blank: The retention interval in Peterson and Peterson’s STM study varied from ____ to ____ seconds.
3 to 18 seconds.
These varying intervals helped determine the duration of STM.
Revision
