Revision Session Questions Flashcards
what drugs are antimuscarinics
tropic amide , cycloplegia and atropine
what is the slowest acting anti-muscarinic
atropine is the slowest acting
what is the fastest acting anti-muscarinic
slowest acting is atropine ,fastest is tropicamide
what anti- muscariic is the fastest acting
fastest acting antimuscarninic is tropicamide
what anti-muscarinic gives the greatest depth of cycloplegia
atropine gives the greatest depth of cycloplegia
tropic amide gives the least depth of cycloplegia
cyclopentelate wears off 24hrs , and gives an adequate level of cycloplegia
what are the side effects of cycloplegia
change in behviour, cns disturbances
before dilating what must you check
pupil reactions , angle closure
what patients are at biggest risk and need to be considered when dilating a patient
females
hyperopic
East Asian
those who haven’t had their cataracts removed
what are types of local anesthetics
proxymetacaine , tetracaine , lidocaine , oxybu[orcaine
if someone had a reaction to proxymetacaine which local anesthetic would you give
lidocaine because it has a ester linkage
how long before a patient can rub their eyes after having local anaesthetic
between 1 and 2 hours
how do local anesthetics work
prevent the ions which lead to depolarisation and transmission of the nerve impulse
what procedures are local anesthetics used for
applanntion tonometry
gonioscopy
intrivirteous injections
removing foreign bodies
what are the two types of antimicrobials
chloramphenicol and fusidic acid
what is the first line of treatment
chloramphenicol - because it is cheap
what are the problems with using antimicrobials
antimicrobial resistance
who can’t use chlormaphenicol
pregnant women
babies under 1
breast feeding women
people with an allergy to it
people with blood dycrasias
which two drugs require refrigeration
proxymetacaine and oxybuporcaine require refrigerated storage between 2 and 8 degrees
others are stored at room tempreture
what type of drug is phenelpherine
= a adrenergic agonist (sympathomememtic)
what is phenny used for
used for mydriasis and dosnt result in cycloplegia - dosnt effect accomodation ,
contraindications for phenelephrine include
contraindications include those with heart conditions e.g. arythmias , Brady and tacky cardias and systemic high blood pressure as they take beta blockers and phenylephrine competes with that - phenylephrine is a vasoconstrictor
what is sodium cromoglygate
mast cell stabiliser
used for dry eye
what are the signs of dry eye
gritty , watery eyes
what is a general rule for discerning weather it is evaporative dry eye or aqueous dry eye
worse in the morning= evaporative
worse in the evening = aqueous
evaporative is associated with meibomian glandf dysfunction , lid massage and hygiene should eliminate blepharitis and hot compress
what is aqueous associated with
shorten syndrome , dosnt produce lacrimal secretions
what are the types of tear film preparations
more severe dry eye
more viscous - however reduces va
what is an alternative for eye drops that can be used
punctual plugs can be used - prevent drainage route, but can lead to epiphora - watery eyes
what are the three types of presentation of red eye
allergic, viral, bacterial
if a patient has iritis what do you do
refer to opthalmologists to prescribe steroids - they also need cyclopentelate
what is the management for scleritis
associated with rheumatoid arthritis - differentiate from episcelritis
what conditions need an urgent referral
close angle glaucoma
enopthalmitis - need immediate referral
how to differentiate between bacterial, viral and allergic conjuctivitis
bacterial has pus discharge
allergic has raised papillae
viral is more associated with a follicular response
these are not pathongnomic signs
