Revision Hand Out 2 Flashcards
What is the equation for pH?
Ph=-log [H+]
Give examples of different types of proteins ?
- globular - transport haemaglobin
- Keratin - structure of hair and nails
- collagen + elastin - connective structural proteins
- actin and myosin - contractile proteins
What 4 things could make a protein complementary to a ligand ?
- physical shape
-
What type of reaction occurs between 2 molecules of a -D-glucose and what is the bond called?
Glycosidic bond
Condensation reaction
What are the products of a reaction between 2 molecules of a -D-glucose?
Maltose
Which carbon is the anomeric carbon?
Carbon that can forms different structures, different forms of something open,closed alpha or beta
Name four components of a cell surface membrane ?
-Phospholipids (Bi layer)
- Carbohydrates
- cholesterol
- Lipids,protein
Give 4 biological functions of lipids?
- storage of energy
- insulation from environment can cool body down absorbing heat, or insulate the body
- membrane structure
- water repellent
Explain diffusion ?
Movement of molecules/ions from a higher to lower concentration,
Works over short distances, no requirement for energy
OR movement of particles until they are evenly distributed
Explain active transport ?
Movement of molecules from a low to high concentration gradient, move against gradient
Metabolic energy ATP is required,
Active transport uses protein pumps i.e. Sodium and potassium important for nerve responses
Explain facilitated diffusion ?
Movement of sodium,potassium and glucose
Pass using carrier proteins through the cell membrane along the concentration gradient
No energy required
What is piggy backing ?
Coupling a fast reaction to a slow one.
What is water good at dissolving? What is it bad at dissolving ?
Good
Amino acids
Carbohydrates
Small alcohols
Bad
Non polar gasses
Aromatic molecules
Aliphatic chains
Why are hydrogen bonds important?
Hydrogen bonding is responsible for waters unique solvent capabilities
Hydrogen bonds hold complimentary strands of DNA together
Responsible for determining 3 dimensional structures of folded proteins (enzymes and antibodies)
What is a non polar molecule ?
A non polar molecule contains non-polar bonds
Ci-ci-H-H
OR has symmetrical arrangements of polar bonds o=c=o
What is the formula for pH and PKa?
PH= - log [H+]
PKa= - log 10 (K)
What is a chiral centre?
Chiral molecules usually contain at least one carbon atom with four non identical sub units
How do catalysts work?
A catalyst can increase rate of reaction
Catalyst remains unchanged at the end of the reaction
A catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product
Rate of reaction in increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst
What are the two categories of stereoisomer?
- Geometric and optical
State the special type of bond in the alkenes?
Double bond
Pie bond
What type of stereoisomer would amino acids form?
Optical
Which type of stereoisomer would alkenes form?
Geometric
Can’t twist due to double bonds
What is it about the functional group of the alkenes that allows them to form isomers?
Has double bonds c=c won’t rotate takes a lot of energy to break them
