Revision Hand Out 2

Question 1

What is the equation for pH?

Answer 1

Ph=-log [H+]

Question 2

Give examples of different types of proteins ?

Answer 2

• globular - transport haemaglobin
• Keratin - structure of hair and nails
• collagen + elastin - connective structural proteins
• actin and myosin - contractile proteins

Question 3

What 4 things could make a protein complementary to a ligand ?

Answer 3

• physical shape

-

Question 4

What type of reaction occurs between 2 molecules of a -D-glucose and what is the bond called?

Answer 4

Glycosidic bond

Condensation reaction

Question 5

What are the products of a reaction between 2 molecules of a -D-glucose?

Answer 5

Maltose

Question 6

Which carbon is the anomeric carbon?

Answer 6

Carbon that can forms different structures, different forms of something open,closed alpha or beta

Question 7

Name four components of a cell surface membrane ?

Answer 7

-Phospholipids (Bi layer)

• Carbohydrates
• cholesterol
• Lipids,protein

Question 8

Give 4 biological functions of lipids?

Answer 8

• storage of energy
• insulation from environment can cool body down absorbing heat, or insulate the body
• membrane structure
• water repellent

Question 9

Explain diffusion ?

Answer 9

Movement of molecules/ions from a higher to lower concentration,

Works over short distances, no requirement for energy

OR movement of particles until they are evenly distributed

Question 10

Explain active transport ?

Answer 10

Movement of molecules from a low to high concentration gradient, move against gradient

Metabolic energy ATP is required,

Active transport uses protein pumps i.e. Sodium and potassium important for nerve responses

Question 11

Explain facilitated diffusion ?

Answer 11

Movement of sodium,potassium and glucose

Pass using carrier proteins through the cell membrane along the concentration gradient

No energy required

Question 12

What is piggy backing ?

Answer 12

Coupling a fast reaction to a slow one.

Question 13

What is water good at dissolving? What is it bad at dissolving ?

Answer 13

Good
Amino acids
Carbohydrates
Small alcohols

Bad

Non polar gasses
Aromatic molecules
Aliphatic chains

Question 14

Why are hydrogen bonds important?

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonding is responsible for waters unique solvent capabilities

Hydrogen bonds hold complimentary strands of DNA together

Responsible for determining 3 dimensional structures of folded proteins (enzymes and antibodies)

Question 15

What is a non polar molecule ?

Answer 15

A non polar molecule contains non-polar bonds
Ci-ci-H-H

OR has symmetrical arrangements of polar bonds o=c=o

Question 16

What is the formula for pH and PKa?

Answer 16

PH= - log [H+]

PKa= - log 10 (K)

Question 17

What is a chiral centre?

Answer 17

Chiral molecules usually contain at least one carbon atom with four non identical sub units

Question 18

How do catalysts work?

Answer 18

A catalyst can increase rate of reaction

Catalyst remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

A catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product

Rate of reaction in increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst

Question 19

What are the two categories of stereoisomer?

Answer 19

• Geometric and optical

Question 20

State the special type of bond in the alkenes?

Answer 20

Double bond

Pie bond

Question 21

What type of stereoisomer would amino acids form?

Answer 21

Optical

Question 22

Which type of stereoisomer would alkenes form?

Answer 22

Geometric

Can’t twist due to double bonds

Question 23

What is it about the functional group of the alkenes that allows them to form isomers?

Answer 23

Has double bonds c=c won’t rotate takes a lot of energy to break them