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Anatomy BMSc > Revision GA1 > Flashcards

Revision GA1 Flashcards

1
Q

articulations of first rib

3

A

single facet on head articulates with body of T1 vertebra
tubercle articulates with transverse process of T1
forms a synchondrosis with the manubrium of sternum

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2
Q

describe the first rib

A

atypical til with short, flattened body

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3
Q

atypical bony features on superior surface of first rib

A

two grooves where it is crossed by the subclavian vessels

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4
Q

where is the scalene tubercle and what is its function

A

between subclavian grooves on superior surface of first rib

attachment of anterior scalene

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5
Q

what is the pleura

A

serous membrane divided into visceral pleura (covers lungs) and parietal pleura (lines thoracic cavity)

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6
Q

subdivisions of parietal pleura

A

diaphragmatic
cervical
costal
mediastinal

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7
Q

at which point are the parietal and visceral pleura continuous

A

at the lung root

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8
Q

what is the pulmonary ligament and what is its function

A

a sleeve of pleura hanging down below the lung root

allows expansion of pulmonary vessels

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9
Q

what is the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

space where the parietal pleura hangs down below the level of the lungs between the ribs and diaphragm

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10
Q

what is the venous drainage of the heart (generally)

A

cardiac veins to coronary sinus to right atrium

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11
Q

what is the course of the great cardiac vein

A

runs with anterior inter ventricular artery

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12
Q

what is the course of the small cardiac vein

A

runs with right marginal artery

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13
Q

what is the course of the middle cardiac artery

A

runs with posterior interventricular artery

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14
Q

which cardiac veins drain directly into the right atrium

A

anterior cardiac veins draining the right atrium wall

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15
Q

what is the oesophagus

A

fibromuscular tube that allows passage of food from the pharynx to the stomach

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16
Q

at which vertebral level does the oesophagus begin

A

C6

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17
Q

relations of the oesophagus in the superior mediastinum

A

lies anterior to vertebral bodies T1-T4

lies posterior to trachea

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18
Q

in which division of the inferior mediastinum does the oesophagus lie

A

posterior mediastinum

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19
Q

describe the course of the oesophagus in the posterior mediastinum in relation to the aorta

A

initially is medial (to the right) of the aorta

crosses anterior to the aorta before passing through the oesophageal hiatus

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20
Q

at which level is the oesophageal hiatus

A

T10

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21
Q

which structures are responsible for the three constrictions of the oesophagus

A

aorta
left bronchus
diaphragm

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22
Q

what is the scrotum

A

out pouching of the layers of the abdominal wall

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23
Q

what are the layers of the scrotal wall

A

superficial layer = colle fascia and dartos muscle
external fascia = external oblique
cremaster muscle = internal oblique
inter fascia = transversals fascia

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24
Q

contents of scrotum

A

testes
epididymis
lower end of spermatic cord

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25
Q

lymph drainage of scrotum

A

superficial inguinal nodes

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26
Q

attachments of lesser omentum

A

liver and lesser curvature of stomach (and first part of duodenum)

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27
Q

what is the lesser omentum made of

A

double layer of peritoneum

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28
Q

which structures are contained in the free edge of lesser omentum

A 
hepatic artery (left
bile duct (right)
portal vein (posterior)
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29
Q

the lesser omentum contributes to the boundaries of which structures

A

lesser sac

omental foramen

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30
Q

what is the largest lymphoid organ in the body

A

spleen

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31
Q

where is the spleen

A

left hypochondrium deep to ribs 9-11

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32
Q

arterial supply of spleen

A

splenic artery

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33
Q

course of splenic artery

A

arises from coeliac axis

runs along bod and tail of pancreas into lienorenal&spell ligament to hilum of spleen

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34
Q

venous drainage of spleen

A

splenic vein

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35
Q

course of splenic vein

A

from hilum
along posterior surface of pancreas
joins SMV to form portal vein

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36
Q

another name of parasympathetic nervous system

A

craniosacral outflow

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37
Q

parasympathetic outflow occurs in which nerves

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

S2-S4

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38
Q

action of parasympathetic nervous system

A

‘rest and digest’
decrease HR, respiration
increase gut motility

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39
Q

parasympathetic action of CN III

A

constriction of pupils and accommodation

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40
Q

parasympathetic action of CN VII

A

submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, palatine glands

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41
Q

parasympathetic action of CN IX

A

parotid gland

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42
Q

parasympathetic action of CN X

A

viscera of thorax and abdomen (up to midgut)

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43
Q

parasympathetic innervation to pelvic and hindgut organs

A

sacral outflow (S2-S4)

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44
Q

what structures do the margins of rectus abdominis contribute to

A

medial margins = linea alba

lateral margins = linea semilunaris

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45
Q

blood supply to rectus abdominis

A

MAINLY inferior epigastric

also superior epigastric

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46
Q

action of rec abd.

A

flexion of trunk

support of abdominal wall

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47
Q

innervation of rec abd.

A

T7-12

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48
Q

what are ureters

A

smooth muscle tubes that transmit urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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49
Q

course of ureters

A

begin at renal pelvis
pass retroperitoneally over surface of psoas
cross bifurcation of common iliac artery
pass along lateral wall of pelvis to enter base of bladder at trigone

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50
Q

where are the three constrictions of ureter

A

junction with renal pelvis
crossing pelvic brim
entering bladder

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51
Q

blood supply of ureters

A

renal, gonadal and superior vesical arteries

equivalent veins

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52
Q

which intercostals run inferomedially

A

external intercostals

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53
Q

action of intercostals

A

raise ribs on inspiration

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54
Q

what is the function of papillary muscles

A

prevent valve prolapse

prevent back flow of blood to atria by keeping valve closed

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55
Q

which structures passes through space posterior to median arcuate ligament

A

aorta
azygous vein
thoracic duct

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56
Q

which structure opens into the 2nd part of duodenum

A

ampulla of vater/bile duct/pancreatic duct

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57
Q

which abdominal muscle has transverse fibres

A

transversus abdominis

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58
Q

lymph drainage of gall bladder

A

cystic/hepatic/coeliac/pre-aortic T12

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59
Q

what is found in dorsal root ganglion

A

sensory nerve cell bodies

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60
Q

which vessel supplies the right side of greater curvature

A

right gastroepiploic artery

branch of gastroduodenal

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61
Q

gives anterior intercostal branches to intercostal spaces 7-9

A 
musculophrenic artery
(branch of internal thoracic)
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62
Q

the tubercle of a typical rib articulates with…

A

transverse process of own vertebra

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63
Q

in the mid-clavicular line, the parietal pleura extends to level of…

A

rib 8

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64
Q

which structure forms the apex of the heart

A

left ventricle

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65
Q

which valve prevents backflow to right atrium

A

tricuspid valve

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66
Q

what is the third branch of the aortic arch

A

left subclavian

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67
Q

what is the most anterior structure at the lung root

A

pulmonary vei n

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68
Q

which structure crosses the diaphragm at T8

A

IVC

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69
Q

the superficial ring is formed from an opening of which structure

A

aponeurosis of external oblique

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70
Q 
quadrates lumborum attaches to:
costal margin
T12 vertebral body
T11 vertebral body 
12th rib
10th rib
A

12th rib

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71
Q

abdominal aorta bifurcates at…

A

L4

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72
Q

which artery is contained in the gastrosplenic ligament

A

short gastric artery

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73
Q

what are the nerve roots of the genitofemoral artery

A

L1, L2

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74
Q

numerous plicae circularis are a fear of which structure

A

jejunum

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75
Q

what is the most posterior structure at the renal hilum

A

ureter

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76
Q

what is the largest direct branch of the coeliac axis

A

splenic

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77
Q

pain from the stomach is referred where

A

stomach

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78
Q

which muscle can both raise and depress the ribs

A

internal intercostal

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79
Q

which muscle is innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves

A

pac major

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80
Q

which muscle lies immediately superficial to neuromuscular plane of thorax

A

internal intercostal

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81
Q

the internal thoracic vessels lie immediately anterior to this muscle

A

transversus thoracis

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82
Q

which structures prevent back flow of blood the ventricles

A

semilunar valves

aortic and pulmonary valves

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83
Q

what is a feature unique to the right ventricle

A

moderator band

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84
Q

which feature separates the muscular and smooth parts of the wall of the right atrium

A

crista terminalis

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85
Q

the sinoatrial node is located in the upper portion of this structure

A

crista terminalis

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86
Q

what is the most anterior structure in the superior mediastinum

A

thymus

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87
Q

which structure crosses the diaphragm at T10

A

oesophagus

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88
Q

which part of the aorta is found in the middle mediastinum

A

ascending aorta

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89
Q

where does the azygos vein empty

A

SVC

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90
Q

the vagus nerve forms a plexus on the surface of which structure

A

oesophagus

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91
Q

attachments of rec abd

A

pubic bone, xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7

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92
Q

which structure forms the majority of the anterior wall of the inguinal canal

A

external oblique

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93
Q

innervation of iliac

A

femoral nerve

94
Q

which abdominal muscle is not present in everyone

A

pyramidalis

95
Q

the fascia over which muscle forms the lateral arcuate ligament

A

Quadratus lumborum

96
Q

which artery forms a communication between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

A

marginal artery

97
Q

the right gastroepiploic is a branch of which artery

A

gastroduodenal

98
Q

the left colic is a branch of which artery

A

IMA

99
Q

the left gastric is a branch of…

A

coeliac axis

100
Q

supplies food to caecum

A

ileocolic

101
Q

surface marking of gallbladder

A

right 9th costal cartilage

102
Q

proximal attachment of greater omentum

A

greater curvature of stomach

103
Q

junction of foregut and midgut

A

duodenum

104
Q

site of portal-systemic anastomosis

A

rectum

105
Q

what is the duodenum

A

C-shaped continuation of the gut tube from the pyloric valve to the jejunum

106
Q

what is the first part of the duodenum

A

1st part is duodenal cap

receives fluid from stomach

107
Q

what is the 2nd part of the duodenum

A

descending part

108
Q

which structures drain into 2nd part of duodenum

A

main pancreatic duct and bile duct

opening at the hepatoduodenal ampulla (of Vater)

109
Q

what is the 3rd part of the duodenum

A

transverse

crosses the mesentery and superior mesenteric vessels

110
Q

what is the 4th part of duodenum

A

ascending

joins jejunum at root of mesentery

111
Q

what is the arterial supply to the jejunum

A 
superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (gastroduodenal)
inferior pancreaticoduodenal (SMA)
112
Q

lymph drainage of pancreas

A

to pre-aortic nodes at T12 and L1

113
Q

what is the inguinal canal

A

oblique passage through the anterior abdominal wall for structures to pass from the abdominal cavity to scrotum/labia major

114
Q

where does the inguinal canal begin and end

A

begins at deep inguinal ring (defect in transversalis fascia)
ends at superficial inguinal ring (defect in external oblique aponeurosis)

115
Q

anterior wall of inguinal canal

A

external oblique and internal oblique laterally

116
Q

roof of inguinal canal

A

internal oblique and transverses abdominis

117
Q

floor of inguinal canal

A

inguinal ligament

118
Q

posterior wall of inguinal canal

A

trasversali fascia and conjoint tendon medially

119
Q

what is the conjoint tendon

A

union of internal oblique ad transversalis fascia aponeurosis

120
Q

contents of inguinal canal

A 
spermatic cord (M)
round ligament (F)
ilioinguinal nerve
121
Q

renal arteries arise at…

A

L1

122
Q

gonadal arteries arise at…

A

L2

123
Q

inferior phrenic a arises at…

A

T12

124
Q

lumbar arteries arise at

A

L1-L5

125
Q

attachments of Quadratus lumborum

A

iliac crest

to 12th rib and L1-L4 transverse processes

126
Q

action of quad lumb.

A 
unilateral = lateral flexion 
bilateral = assists in forced expiration and support of 12th rib
127
Q

what is the sympathetic chain

A

a system of interconnected ganglia that lie either side of the VC

128
Q

sympathetic outflow occurs at which spinal levels

A

T1-L1/2

129
Q

which rami communicans are associated with inflow/outflow

A 
inflow = grey 
outflow = white
130
Q

parts of the sternum

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

131
Q

joints of sternum

A 
manubriosternal joint (2ndry cartilaginous)
xiphisternal joint
132
Q

features of manubrium of sternum

A

sternal notch in superior broder at midline

clavicular notches each side

133
Q

where are the costal notches

A

notch 1 = manubrium
notch 2 = sternal angle
notches 3-6 = margin of body
notch 7 = xiphisternal joint

134
Q

where are the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries found

A

costal groove in intercostal space

135
Q

where do the 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries arise

A

supreme intercostal artery

branch of costocervical trunk of subclavian

136
Q

where do posterior intercostals 2-11 arise

A

direct branches of descending aorta

137
Q

where do anterior intercostal arteries 1-6 arise

A

internal thoracic artery

138
Q

terminal branches of internal thoracic

A

musculoprenic and superior epigastric

139
Q

where do anterior intercostal arteries 7-9 arise

A

musculophrenic artery

140
Q

which chamber forms the base of the heart

A

left atrium

141
Q

describe the internal surface of left atrium

A

mostly smooth walled

muscular auricule anteriorly, with musculi pectinati

142
Q

how do structures pass from thorax to abdomen

A

either through diaphragm or posterior to arcuate ligaments

143
Q

level of caval opening

A

T8

144
Q

contents of caval opening

A

IVC

145
Q

level of oesophageal hiatus

A

T10

146
Q

contents of oesophageal hiatus

A

oesophagus and vagal trunks

147
Q

level of aortic hiatus

A

T12

148
Q

what forms the aortic hiatus

A

space posterior to median arcuate ligament

149
Q

where do the greater and lesser splanchnic nerve pass to reach abdomen

A

openings in the crura at T12

150
Q

where do the least splanchnic and sympathetic chain enter abdomen

A

posterior to medial arcuate ligament at T12

151
Q

parasympathetic innerve to proximal transverse colon

A

vagus nerve

152
Q

function of gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile

153
Q

fibres direction of internal oblique

A

superomedial

154
Q

head of rib 1 articulates with

A

body of T1 vertebra

155
Q

what is the name of roughened area on the superior surface of rib 1

A

scalene tubercle

156
Q

root values of phrenic nerve

A

C3,4,5

157
Q

which structure runs alongside the right marginal artery

A

small cardiac vein

158
Q

which artery passes through root of mesentery

A

SMA

159
Q

what is the most posterior structure at the renal hilum

A

ureter

160
Q

what is the root value of the Iliohypogastric nerve

A

L1

161
Q

where is scarpa’s fascia found

A

anterior abdominal wall between umbilicus and pubic bone

162
Q

the descending colon is supplied by the

A

left colic artery

163
Q

which liver lobes does the gall bladder lie between

A

right lobe

quadrate lobe

164
Q

the inferior mesenteric vein drains directly into which vein

A

splenic vein

165
Q

which ribs are posterior to the left kidney

A

11 and 12

166
Q

the funds of stomach is related to which dome of diaphrag m

A

left dome

167
Q

which structure is a junction between the midgut and hindgut

A

transverse colon

168
Q

which structure lies immediately superficial to neurovascular plane of thorax

A

internal intercostal

169
Q

which structure allows expansion of the pulmonary vessels

A

pulmonary ligament

170
Q

primary muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

171
Q

lymphatic drainage of lungs is to

A

hilar nodes

172
Q

what initiates the heart beat

A

SA node

173
Q

which artery supplies the posterior 2/3 of inter ventricular septum

A

posterior interventricular artery

174
Q

the thymus can be found in which areas of the mediastinum

A

superior and anterior

175
Q

what is the first branch of the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk

176
Q

the carina is a which vertebral level

A

T4/5

177
Q

which muscle lies inferior to medial arcuate ligament

A

psoas

178
Q

external oblique contributes to which aspect of the rectus sheath

A

external oblique

179
Q

which abdominal muscle attaches to ribs 5-7, pubic tubercle and xipohoid process

A

rectus abdominis

180
Q

what lies posterior to rectus abdomens after the arcuate line

A

tranvsersalis fascia

181
Q

which muscle’s only action is to tense lineament alba

A

pyramidalis

182
Q

which artery passes in lienorenal ligament

A

splenic artery

183
Q

left gastric is a direct branch of

A

coeliac axis

184
Q

superior pancreaticodudoenal is a branch of

A

gastroduodenal

185
Q

which artery passes under neck of pancreas

A

SMA

186
Q

the gastro-epiploic arteries supply which structure

A

greater curvature of stomach

187
Q

lymph from stomach –>

A

pre-aortic T12

188
Q

lymph from sigmoid colon –>

A

pre-aortic L3

189
Q

what colour is the lymph on the intestinal trunk

A

milky-white

190
Q

lymph from superficial layers of anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus –>

A

superficial inguinal nodes

191
Q

primary action is to raise ribs on inspiration

A

external intercostal

192
Q

receives motor innervation form logn thoracic nerve

A

serratus anterior

193
Q

fibres radiate from lateral borders of sternum

A

transversus thoracis

194
Q

innervated by medial pectoral nerve only

A

pec minor

195
Q

can both raise and depress the ribs

A

internal intercostals

196
Q

what is located in the upper portion of crista terminalis

A

SA node

197
Q

moderator band is unique to…

A

right ventricle

198
Q

what are the muscle ridges in the ventricles called

A

trabeculae carneae

199
Q

the origin of the coronary arteries is closely associated with which structure

A

aortic valve

200
Q

what attaches to margins of cuspid valves

A

chordae tendineae

201
Q

the thoracic aorta is located in which part of mediastinum

A

posterior only

202
Q

the azygos vein drains into…

A

SVC

203
Q

the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is associated with which vessel

A

arch of aorta

204
Q

which structure lies immediately posterior to trachea

A

oesophagus

205
Q

the SVC is found in which areas of mediastinum

A

superior and middle

206
Q

what is the superficial inguinal ring

A

triangular opening in aponeurosis of external oblique situated close to pubic bone

207
Q

which branch of genitofemrial nerve can be found in superficial inguinal ring

A

genital branch

208
Q

describe movements to increase AP dimensions of thorax in inspiration

A

ribs 1-6 and sternum move anterior and superiorly

pump handle movement

209
Q

describe movements to increase lateral dimensions of thorax in inspiration

A

ribs 7-12 move laterally

bucket handle movement

210
Q

describe movements to increase vertical dimensions of thorax in inspiration

A

contraction and descent of diaphragm

211
Q

how does blood enter left atrium

A

via 4 pulmonary veins

oxygenated blood

212
Q

how does blood leave left atrium

A

via left atrioventricular canal

mitral valve prevent reflux of blood

213
Q

borders of posterior mediastinum

A

transverse thoracic plane (T4/5)
diaphragm
pericardium
bodies of T5-12

214
Q

contents of posterior mediastinum

A

oesophagus
throacic aorta
lymphatic duct
azygos/hemiazygos vein

215
Q

protraction of scapula =

A

anterior movement around the body wall

216
Q

membranous fascia of anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus

A

scarpa’s fascia

217
Q

lymph from the superficial anterior abdominal wall above the umbilicus drains to

A

axillary nodes

218
Q

the ventral ramus supplies innervation to which structures

A

anterior and lateral body walls

limbs

219
Q

a movement possible at shoulder but not at wrist =

A

rotation

220
Q

the anatomical term for the space posterior to the stomach

A

lesser sac

221
Q

gives anterior intercostal branches to intercostal spaces 7-9

A

musculophrenic artery

222
Q

the costal cartilage of which rib articulates with the sternal angle

A

rib 2

223
Q

in the mid-axillary line the parietal pleura extends to the level of which rib

A

rib 10

224
Q

surface marker for T10 dermatome

A

umbilicus

225
Q

deep inguinal ring forms an oval opening in this structure

A

transversals fascia

226
Q

separates the middle and lower lobes of the right lung

A

oblique fissure

227
Q

region analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung

A

lingula

228
Q

region where the parietal and visceral pleura are continuous

A

hilum

229
Q

the transverse fissure is unique to which lung

A

right lung

230
Q

passes through an opening in the central tendon of diaphragm

A

oesophagus

Anatomy BMSc (9 decks)

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