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Anatomy BMSc > Pelvis > Flashcards

Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

the pelvic organs are _____peritoneal

A

infra peritoneal

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2
Q

why might the bladder be enlarged in older males

A

enlargement of the prostate can lead to problems emptying the bladder so it distends

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3
Q

which bone the bladder found in very close contact with

A

pubic bone

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4
Q

which surface of the bladder is covered in peritoneum

A

superior/posterior surface

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5
Q

what are the pouches formed by the peritoneum covering the pelvic organs

A

females
rectouterine pouch
vesicouterine pouch

males
rectovesical pouch

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6
Q

what is the urachus

A

embryological remnant

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7
Q

what type of epithelium lines the bladder

A

transitional epithelium

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8
Q

what is the name of the folds in the bladder lining

A

rugae

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9
Q

which structure can be seen surrounding the urethra in males and is assoicated with the underside of the bladder

A

prostate

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10
Q

what is the trigone

A

triangular base of the bladder

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11
Q

which region does the bladder enter when it fills with urine

A

suprapubic region

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12
Q

describe the internal surface of the trigone

A

area of smooth mucous membrane

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13
Q

which three openings make up the corners of the trigone

A

ureters entering the bladder

urethra leaving the bladder

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14
Q

describe the openings of the ureters into the bladder

why are they like this

A

small slit like openings that close over themselves

to prevent black flow of urine up the ureter to the kidney

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15
Q

what is the name of the muscle that makes up the bladder wall

A

detrusor muscle

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16
Q

what type of muscle is the detrusor muscle

A

smooth muscle

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17
Q

what is the name of the sphincter at the neck of the bladder

A

sphincter vesicae

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18
Q

what is the name of the urethral sphincter located in the urogenital triangle

A

sphincter urethrae

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19
Q

what is the difference between sphincter vesicae and sphincter urethrae

A 
vesicae = smooth muscle (involuntary)
urethrae = skeletal muscle (voluntary)
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20
Q

which ligaments old the neck of the bladder in place

A

puboprostatic (MALE)

pubovesical (FEMALE)

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21
Q

arterial supply to the bladder

A

2x superior vesical arteries

1x inferior vesical arteries

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22
Q

which arteries are the vesicle arteries branches of

A

internal iliac

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23
Q

what is the inferior vesical artery often known as in females

A

vaginal artery

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24
Q

where do the inferior vesical/vaginal arteries supply

A

inferior surface of bladder

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25
Q

venous drainage of the bladder

A

vesical plexus to internal iliac vein

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26
Q

autonomic innervation of bladder

A

inferior hypogastric plexus

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27
Q

lymph drainage of ureter

A

lumbar, common iliac and external iliac nodes

changes as the ureter descends towards the bladder

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28
Q

lymph drainage of bladder

A

main drainage to internal iliac nodes
superior to external iliac nodes
neck area to sacral nodes

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29
Q

lymph drainage of urethra

A

mainly to internal iliac nodes
male spongy urethra to deep inguinal
females to sacral nodes

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30
Q

describe how the rectum is covered in peritoneum as it descends

A

upper 1/3 covered by visceral peritoneum
middle 1/3 covered on anterior surface
lower 1/3 infra peritoneal

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31
Q

where does the rectum run from

A

approximately 3rd sacral vertebra to tip of coccyx

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32
Q

when does the rectum become the anal canal

A

as it passes through the pelvic floor

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33
Q

which structure creates folds in the internal surface of the rectum and what are the sacculations called

A

transverse folds creates ampulla

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34
Q

which structures in the rectum aid in faecal continence

A

voluntary sphincter in the anal triangle
involuntary sphincter the the walls of the the rectum
puborectalis muscle loops around rectum

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35
Q

how does puborectalis aid in maintenance of faecal continence

A

creates a sling around the rectum

creates a bend in the rectum so when the muscle relaxes the bend lessens the angle allowing passage through the rectum

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36
Q

arterial supply to the rectum

A

superior rectal artery = inferior mesenteric artery
middle rectal artery = internal iliac artery
inferior ectal artery = internal pudendal artery

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37
Q

venous drainage of the rectum

A 
superior = portal system 
middle = internal iliac 
inferior = internal pudendal
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38
Q

lymph drainage of rectum

A

pararectal nodes to inferior mesenteric and internal iliac nodes
allows spread of disease in two directions

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39
Q

nerve supply to rectum

A

inferior hypogastric plexus

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40
Q

how can the uterus be identified in the pelvis

A

midline structure between the bladder and rectum that appears to communicate with both sides of the body wall laterally

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41
Q

what is the broad ligament made up of

A

double layer of peritoneum

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42
Q

what are the areas of the broad ligament

A 
mesosalpinx = over Fallopian tube
mesovarium = over ovaries 
mesometrium = over uterus
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43
Q

what structures are contained in the broad ligament

A

veins and arteries

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44
Q

whats supplied by the ovarian artery

A

top part of uterus, fungus, Fallopian tube and ovaries

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45
Q

what does the uterine artery supply

A

lower uterus

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46
Q

what does water under the bridge mean

A

uterine artery passes over the ureter

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47
Q

what are fimbriae

A

little fingers at the end of the fallopian tube

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48
Q

what are the main parts of the uterine tube

A

fimbriae
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus

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49
Q

what does the round ligament provide

A

a potential pathway for lymph to the abdominal cavity

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50
Q

where does the majority of the support of the uterus come from

A

ligaments attaching to the cervix

NOT THE BROAD LIGAMENT

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51
Q

what ligaments provide support to the cervix

A

uterosacral (sacrocervical)
transverse cervical
pubocervical (pubovesical)

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52
Q

what position is the uterus normally in

A

anteverted and ante flexed

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53
Q

what does anterverted mean (related to uterus)

A

long axis of the uterus is bent forward on long axis of vagina

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54
Q

what does ante flexed mean (related to uterus)

A

long axis of uterus is bent forward at internal os with long axis of vagina

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55
Q

blood supply to the ovaries

A

gonadal arteries

arise from abdominal aorta L2

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56
Q

venous drainage of ovaries

A

left to left renal vein

right to IVC

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57
Q

nerve supply to ovaries

A

aortic plexus

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58
Q

what structures are found in the suspensory ligaments of ovaries

A

ovarian vessels

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59
Q

what does the vas deferens join with to form the ejaculatory duct

A

ducts from the seminal vesicles

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60
Q

where are the seminal vesicles located

A

superior to prostate

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61
Q

what do the seminal vesicles secrete

A

liquid component of seen

including fructose

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62
Q

where is the prostate located

A

inferior to bladder

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63
Q

what does the prostate secrete

A

proteolytic enzymes and acid phosphatase

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64
Q

which arteries supply the prostate

A

internal pudendal
middle rectal
inferior vesical

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65
Q

describe the venous drainage of the prostate

A

deep dorsal vein of penis
venous plexus
internal iliac vein

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66
Q

what ligament supports the prostate

A

Puboprostatic ligament

anterosuperior surface of prostate to internal surface of pubic bone

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67
Q

which muscle supports the prostate

and where does it arise from

A

levatore prostatae

anterior fibres of Levator ani

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68
Q

how does levatore prostatae support the prostate

A

fibres from each side descend the sides of the prostate and join together to form a sling of muscle

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69
Q

lymph drainage of testes

A

aortic nodes at root of testicular artery (L2)

70
Q

lymph drainage of skin of penis and wall of scrotum

A

superficial inguinal nodes

71
Q

borders of the anal triangle

A

between the ischial tuberosities and coccyx

72
Q

where is the centre point of the perineum

A

midpoint between ischial tuberosities

73
Q

what structure is located in the anal triangle

A

anal canal

74
Q

what are the boundaries of the ischioanal fossa

A

walls: ischial tuberosity and rectum/anal canal
roof: levator ani
floor: skin

75
Q

what are the contents of the ischioanal fossa

A

branches of the pudendal nerve, artery and vein

adipose tissue

76
Q

when does the rectum become the anal canal

A

when it pierces the pelvic floor

77
Q

where is the internal anal sphincter found

A

within the walls of the rectum as it passes through the pelvic floor

78
Q

where is the external anal sphincter found

A

surrounding the anal canal inferior to the internal anal sphincter

79
Q

what structures are associated with the anal columns

A

terminal radicles of the superior rectal vessels

anal sinus

80
Q

which structures supports the external anal sphincter

A

perineal body anteriorly

anococcygeal ligament posteriorly

81
Q

innervation of external anal sphincter

A

pudendal nerve (S2-4_ inferior rectal branch

82
Q

what are the 3 parts of the external anal sphincter

A

deep
superficial
subcutaneous

83
Q

what is the pectinate line

A

site of the anal membrane in foetus

84
Q

where is the pectinate line

A

at level of deep part of external anal sphincter

85
Q

what is the anocutaneous line

A

aka white line

transition to true skin

86
Q

what is the relevance of pectinate line with respect to neuromuscular supply

A

separates visceral and parietal supply

87
Q

describe neurovascular supply to the anal canal/rectum above the Pectineal line

A

VISCERAL

nerve: visceral motor (para/sypmathetic) and sensory
artery: from inferior mesenteric
vein: to portal system
lymph: to internal iliac nodes

88
Q

describe the neuorvascular supply to the anal canal/rectum below the pectinate line

A

PARIETAL

nerve: somatic motor and sensory
artery: from internal iliac
vein: to caval system
lymph: to superficial inguinal

89
Q

boundaries of the urogenital triangle

A

theoretical lines between the pubic symphysis and the ischial tuberosities

90
Q

fatty fascia in the pelvic region

A

camper’s fascia

91
Q

what is camper’s fascia continuous with in the pelvis

A

ischiorectal fascia

fascia of thigh

92
Q

what is camper’s fascia replaced with in males in the scrotum

A

dartos muscle

93
Q

what is the membranous fascia in the pelvis called

A

colles’ fascoa

continuous with Scarpa’s fascia of the abdomen

94
Q

where does colles’ fascia attach and where does it extend

A

attaches to the posterior border of the urogenital diaphragm
extends into the labia/scrotum

95
Q

what are the three layers of the urogenital diaphragm

A

superior layer of fascia
middle layer of muscle
inferior layer of fascia

96
Q

describe the superior layer of fascia in the urogenital diaphragm

A

deepest layer

blends with the perineal body and membrane

97
Q

describe the middle layer of the urogenital diaphragm

A

contains sphincter urethrae and deep transverse perineal muscles

98
Q

sphincter urethrae is innervated by

A

pudendal nerve S2-4

99
Q

sphincter urethrae is smooth/skeletal

A

skeletal muscle

100
Q

describe the inferior layer of the urogenital diaphragm

A

superficial

aka perineal membrane

101
Q

what is the inferior to the perineal membrane

A

superficial perineal pouch

102
Q

the urogenital diaphragm is attached to the pubic bone

true of false

A

the layers fuse and leave a small gap at the pubic symphysis to allow passage of blood vessels

103
Q

where the deep perineal pouch

A

between the fascial layers of the urogenital diaphragm

104
Q

what structures are located in the deep perineal pouch

A 
urethra
sphincter urethrae 
deep transverse perineal muscles 
internal pudendal vessels
vagina + dorsal nerves of clitoris 
membranous urethra, dorsal nerves of penis, bulbourethral glands and penile arteries
105
Q

muscles in the superficial perineal pouch

A

ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus
superficial transverse perineal muscles

106
Q

what structures are found in the superficial perineal pouch

A 
muscles 
urethra 
vagina/clitoris or penis 
erectile tissue 
nerves and vessels
107
Q

describe bulbospongiosus in males

A

covers the bulb and corpus spongiosum

108
Q

innervation of bulbospongiosus

A

pudendal nerve

109
Q

describe ischiocavernosus in males

A

extends from the ischium to corpus cavernosa (x2)

110
Q

innervation of ischiocavernosus

A

pudendal nerve

111
Q

how do the muscles associated with the erectile tissues aid in their function

A

contract to compress blood vessels and prevent blood leaving the tissue

112
Q

deep transverse perineal muscles are present in males/females/both

A

males

113
Q

describe bulbospongiosus in females

A

wraps around each side of the opening of the vagina (from bulb of vestibule)

114
Q

describe ischiocavernosus in females

A

extends from ischium to erectile tissue anteriorly (x2)

115
Q

which structures are extensions of the crura

A

corpus cavernosa

116
Q

what structures does the bulb of the penis contribute to

A

corpus spongiosus

117
Q

the female equivalent of the bulbourethral glands are located where

A

in the superficial pouch (superficial to the perineal membrane)

118
Q

which structure runs through the corpus spongiosum

A

urethra

119
Q

the corpus spongiosum ends in which structure

A

glans

120
Q

which structures are contained in the corpus cavernosa

A

deep artery of penis

121
Q

what is the perineal body

A

small fibrous structure at the posterior margin of the urogenital diaphragm

122
Q

what is the function of the perineal body

A

muscle attachment

123
Q

which structures attach to the perineal body

A

external anal sphincter
bulbospongiosus
superficial transverse perineal muscles

124
Q

which penile vessels lie outwith the erectile tissue

A

dorsal and deep dorsal arteries

125
Q

what are the 4 parts of the male urethra

A

pre-prostatic
prostatic
membranous
penile/spongy

126
Q

describe the prostatic urethra

A

widest part

receives the ejaculatroy duct

127
Q

describe the membranous urethra

A

narrowest part

passes through urogenital diaphragm

128
Q

what are the two main muscles of the pelvic floor

A

levator ani

coccygeus

129
Q

what are the two parts of levator ani

A

Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

130
Q

origin of Pubococcygeus

A

posterior surface of pubic bone

131
Q

insertion of Pubococcygeus

A

anococcygeal ligament
coccyx
perineal body

132
Q

innervation of Pubococcygeus

A 
nerve to levator ani (S4)
pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
133
Q

origin of iliococcygeus

A

tendinous arch of levator ani

134
Q

insertion of iliococcygeus

A

anococcygeal ligament

coccyx

135
Q

innervation of iliococcygeus

A

nerve to levator ani (S4)

136
Q

origin of coccygeus

A

ischial spine

137
Q

insertion of coccygeus

A

inferior end of sacrum

coccyx

138
Q

innervation of coccygeus

A

direct branches from S4-S5

139
Q

which aspect of the pelvic floor does is made up by coccygeus

A

posterior

140
Q

what are the parts of Pubococcygeus

A

puboprostaticus/pubovaginalis

puborectalis

141
Q

describe puboprostaticus/pubovaginalis

A

muscle fibres pass around the inferior part of the prostate/posterior wall of vagina

142
Q

what is the other name for puboprostaticus

A

levator prostatae

143
Q

describe puborectalis

A

muscle fibres pass behind rectum to form a muscular sling around anorectal junction

144
Q

what is the function of puborectalis

A

contraction increases the angle and helps to maintain faecal continence

145
Q

what is the main innervation of the pelvic floor

A

pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
nerve to levator ani (S4)
direct branches from S4-S5

146
Q

origin of piriformis

A

anterior surface of sacrum

147
Q

insertion of piriformis

A

greater trochanter of femur

148
Q

which vessels can be identified by their position relative to piriformis

A

superior and inferior gluteal arteries

149
Q

innervation of piriformis

A

nerve to piriformis (S1-S2)

150
Q

origin of obturator internus

A

anterior surface of obturator membrane and bony boundaries of obturator foramen

151
Q

insertion of obturator internus

A

medial surface of greater trochanter

152
Q

innervation of obturator internus

A

nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)

153
Q

which foramen foes piriformis pass through to reach the greater trochanter

A

greater sciatic foramen

154
Q

which foramen does obturator internus pass through to reach the greater trochanter

A

lesser sciatic foramen

155
Q

what is the function of the thickened fascia over obturator internus

A

attachment of levator ani

156
Q

were is the bifurcation of aorta

A

L4

157
Q

branches of the common iliac arteries

A

external iliac

internal iliac

158
Q

where do the common iliac divide

A

at the level of SI joint

159
Q

branches of anterior division of internal iliac

A 
umbilical
superior vesical 
obturator 
middle rectal 
inferior gluteal 
inferior vesical/uterine 
internal pudendal
160
Q

branches of posterior division of internal iliac

A

Iliolumbar
lateral sacral
superior gluteal

161
Q

which artery is a branch of the umbilical artery

A

superior vesical

162
Q

what is the function of the umbilical artery in utero

A

transports deoxygenated blood from the foetus to the placenta

163
Q

what does the inferior vesical artery supply in males

A

inferior bladder
prostate
seminal vesicles

164
Q

how does the uterine artery reach the uterus

A

in the cardinal ligament

165
Q

which branches are given off the uterine artery

A

vaginal branches

166
Q

describe the course of the internal pudendal artery

A

exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen, wraps around the ischial spine and enters the perineum via the lesser sciatic foramen

167
Q

which nerve accompanies the internal pudendal artery

A

pudendal nerve

168
Q

what is the terminal branch of the anterior division of internal iliac

A

inferior gluteal

169
Q

how does inferior gluteal artery leave the pelvis

A

via greater sciatic foramen

170
Q

branches of the posterior trunk

A

Iliolumbar
lateral sacral
superior gluteal

171
Q

what is the terminal branch of the posterior division of internal iliac

A

superior gluteal

Anatomy BMSc (9 decks)

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