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Anatomy BMSc > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column (5)

A 
muscle attachment 
mobility 
protection of spinal cord 
weight transfer 
haematopoesis
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2
Q

how many of each type of vertebra are there

A 
cervical = 7
thoracic = 12
lumbar = 5 
sacral = 5 fused 
coccyx = 3-5
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3
Q

what are the primary curvatures

A

kyphosis

thoracic and sacral

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4
Q

what are the secondary curvatures

A

lordosis

cervical and lumbar

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5
Q

how is the cervical secondary curvature formed

A

when the baba lifts its head

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6
Q

how is the lumbar secondary curvature formed

A

when the baba learns to walk

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7
Q

what are the main parts of the vertebra (6)

A 
body 
arches (made up of pedicles and laminae)
spinous process 
2x transverse processes 
4x articular processes (2x superior, 2x inferior)
vertebral notches
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8
Q

unique features of atlas (4)

A

no body or spinous process
anterior and posterior arches, each with a tubercle
large superior articular surfaces for articulation with occipital condyles
articular facet for dens on posterior surface of anterior arch

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9
Q

what is the function of the transverse ligament of atlas

A

holds the dens in place against its articular facet

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10
Q

unique features of axis (2)

A

dens/odontoid process projects upwards from body

flat superior articular facets to allow rotation of atlas

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11
Q

features of typical cervical vertebrae (4)

A

uncinate process on body
foramen transverarium
anterior and posterior tubercles with groove between on transverse process
bifid spinous process

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12
Q

what is the function of the foramen transversarium

A

allow passage of vertebral arteries

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13
Q

vertebral arteries are a branch of which artery

A

subclavian artery

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14
Q

what lies in the groove between the anterior and posterior tubercles on transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

A

spinal nerve

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15
Q

what is the uncinate process

A

rim of bone around the vertebral body to increase stability

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16
Q

features of typical thoracic vertebrae (3)

A

costal facets for articulation with ribs
articular facets nearly vertical, directed posteriorly (superior facet) or anteriorly (inferior facet)
long sloping spinous process

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17
Q

features of typical lumbar vertebrae

A

massive kidney shaped body
accessory process on each transverse process
mammillary process on each superior articular process
articular facets directs posteromedially and anterolaterally

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18
Q

why does the orientation of the articular facets change

A

thoracic: vertical to allow for axial rotation and limit flexion/extension
lumbar: oblique to allow flexion/extension and limit rotation
cervical: quite flat to allow wide ROM

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19
Q

describe the sacrum

A

wedge-shaped
smooth anteriorly
ridges on posterior surface
auricular surface articulates with ilia

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20
Q

what are the ridges on the posterior surface of the sacrum

A

median crest = fused spinous processes
intermediate crest = fused articular processes
lateral crest = fused transverse processes

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21
Q

what is the function of the superficial extrinsic muscles of the back

A

connect the appendicular skeleton to axial skeleton

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22
Q

what are the superficial extrinsic muscles oft he back

A 
trapezius 
latissimus dorsi 
rhomboid major 
rhomboid minor 
levator scapulae
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23
Q

attachments of trapezius

A

medial 1/3 superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T12
to lateral clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

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24
Q

innervation of trapezius

A

spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

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25
Q

attachments of latissimus dorsi

A

spinous processes T7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lower 3/4 ribs
to edge of bicipital groove of humerus

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26
Q

innervation of latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)

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27
Q

attachments of rhomboid major

A

spinous processes T2-5

to medial border of scapula (spine to inferior angle)

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28
Q

innervation of rhomboid major

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)

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29
Q

attachments of rhomboid minor

A

nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7/T1

to medial need of scapular spine

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30
Q

innervation of rhomboid minor

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)

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31
Q

attachments of levator scapulae

A

posterior tubercles of transverse processes C1-4

to medial border of scapula above spine

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32
Q

innervation of levator scapulae

A

cervical nerves C3-4

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)

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33
Q

what is the function of the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back

A

superficial respiratory muscles

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34
Q

what are the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back

A

serratus posterior superior

serratus posterior inferior

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35
Q

what are the attachments of serratus posterior superior

A

nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T3

to superior borders of ribs 2.4

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36
Q

innervation of serratus posterior superior

A

intercostal nerve 2-5

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37
Q

attachments of serratus posterior inferior

A

spinous processes T11-L2

to inferior borders of ribs 8-12 near angle

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38
Q

innervation of serratus posterior inferior

A

anterior rami T9-12

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39
Q

what is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the back

A

maintain posture and control movements of VC

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40
Q

how many layers are the intrinsic muscles of the back split into

A

superficial
intermediate
deep

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41
Q

where are the superficial intrinsic muscles found

A

in the neck only

42
Q

what are the superficial intrinsic muscles of the back

A

splenius capitis

splenius cervicis

43
Q

attachments of splenius capitis

A

nuchal ligament and spinous processes C7-T3/4

to mastoid process and lateral 1/3 superior nuchal line

44
Q

attachments of splenius cervicis

A

nuchal ligament and spinous processes C7-T3/4

to tubercles of transverse processes C1-C3/4

45
Q

what are the muscles of the intermediate intrinsic muscles of the back

A

erector spinae group
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis

46
Q

what is the common attachment of erector spinae muscles

A

posterior iliac crest, posterior sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments, spinous processes of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae, supraspinous ligament

47
Q

what are the three parts of iliocostalis

A

lumborum, thoracic, cervicis

48
Q

what are the attachments of iliocostalis

A

common attachment

to angles of lower ribs, cervical transverse processes

49
Q

what are the three parts of longissimus

A

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

50
Q

attachments of longissimus

A

common attachment

to ribs between tubercles and angles, thoracic and cervical transverse processes, mastoid process

51
Q

what are the three parts of spinalis

A

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

52
Q

attachments of spinalis

A

common attachment

to upper thoracic spinous processes, cranium

53
Q

what are the deep intrinsic muscles of the back

A 
semispinalis 
multifidus 
rotatores 
levator costarum 
interspinale 
intertransversari
54
Q

parts of semispinalis

A

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

55
Q

attachments of semispinalis

A

transverse processes C4-T12

to occipital bone, thoracic and cervical spinous processes

56
Q

where is multifidus most developed

A

lumbar region

57
Q

attachments of multifidus

A

transverse processes to spinous processes 2-4 vertebrae above

58
Q

where is rotatores most developed

A

thoracic region

59
Q

attachments of rotatores

A

junction of lamina and transverse processes to spinous process 1/2 vertebrae above

60
Q

where is levator costarum located

A

in the thoracic region (costarum = ribs)

61
Q

what is the action of levator costarum

A

raise ribs slightly

62
Q

attachments of levator costarum

A

transverse processes to upper border of rib above

63
Q

attachments of interspinale

A

adjacent spinous processes

64
Q

where is interspinale most pronounced

A

cervical and lumbar regions

65
Q

attachments of intertransversari

A

adjacent transverse processes

66
Q

where is intertransversari most pronounced

A

cervical and lumbar regions

67
Q

ligaments of the VC

A 
anterior longitudinal ligament 
posterior longitudinal ligament 
ligamentum flavum
supraspinous 
interspinous 
intertransverse 
nuchal
68
Q

where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run

A

anterolateral aspect of vertebral bodies

from skull base to sacrum

69
Q

how many layers is the anterior longitudinal ligament made up of and what are their attachments

A

3 layers
deep fibres bind adjacent vertebrae together
superficial fibres span multiple vertebrae together

70
Q

what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits extension

only ligament to limit extension of the VC

71
Q

where does the posterior longitudinal ligament run

A

within the vertebral canal on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies
travels from C2 to sacrum

72
Q

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to

A

IV discs and margins of vertebral bodies

73
Q

what lies between the posterior longitudinal ligament and the vertebral bodies

A

fat and vessels lie between ligament and vertebral bodies

74
Q

what is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

support to posterior aspect of IV disc

prevents posterior herniation of disc

75
Q

attachments of ligamenta flava

A

adjacent laminae

76
Q

what type of fibres is the ligamenta flava made up of and why

A

strong elastic fibres

to help maintain curvatures of the VC

77
Q

what are the functions of the ligamenta flava

A

helps to maintain curvatures
reinforces posterior wall of vertebral canal
limits flexion

78
Q

what are the attachments of the interspinous ligaments

A

connects adjacent spinous processes along the length of the process

79
Q

the interspinous ligament is strong/weak

A

weak

thin, membranous

80
Q

attachments of supraspinous ligaments

A

connects tips of supraspinous ligaments

81
Q

where does the supraspinous ligament start

A

C7

82
Q

supraspinous ligament is strong/weak

A

strong

cord-like

83
Q

attachment of inter transverse ligament

A

connect adjacent transverse processes

84
Q

describe the inter transverse ligament in the different spinal regions

A

cervical: scattered fibres
thoracic: fibrous
lumbar: membranous

85
Q

attachments of the nuchal ligament

A

external occipital protuberance, posterior border of foramen magnum, spinous processes C1-C7

86
Q

what structure is the nuchal ligament continuous with posteriorly

A

supraspinous ligament

87
Q

what is the function of the nuchal ligament

A

muscle attachment and limits flexion

88
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

L1/2

89
Q

what is the end of the spinal cord called

A

medullary cone

90
Q

where are the enlargement of the spinal cord located

A 
cervical enlargement (C4-T1)
lumbosacral enlargement (L1-S3)
91
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord enlargements

A

innervation to limbs

92
Q

what is the filum terminale

A

remnant of caudal part of spinal cord

93
Q

what is the function of the filum terminale

A

anchors spinal cord to coccyx

94
Q

what are the lateral extensions of dura mater called and what are their function

A

dural sheath

cover nerve roots

95
Q

what is contained in the epidural space

A

internal vertebral venous plexuses

epidural fat

96
Q

what is the enlargement of subarachnoid space around the conus medullar is called

A

lumbar cistern (L2-S2)

97
Q

what are the denticulate ligaments formed from

A

extensions of Pia mater

98
Q

where do the denticulate ligaments attach

A

run from either side of spinal cord between posterior and anterior nerve roots to dura

99
Q

describe the main arterial supply of the spinal cord

A

1 anterior and 2 posterior vertebral arteries

run longitudinally from medulla oblongata to conus medullar is

100
Q

arterial supply to nerve roots is by

A

radicular arteries

101
Q

describe venous drainage of the spinal cord

A

3 anterior and 3 posterior spinal veins

102
Q

where do the spinal veins drain

A

internal vertebral venous plexuses in the epidural space

Anatomy BMSc (9 decks)

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