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A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY > Revision Families and Households > Flashcards

Revision Families and Households Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Murdock define the family as?

A

A social group characterised by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. Including adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one more children.

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2
Q

What did Murdock see the family as?

A

A universal institution which was necessary for the smooth functioning and survival of any society.

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3
Q

Murdock and which family type suited him?

A

Extended (relations by blood or marriage from other generations and the siblings of parents) and nuclear (which consists of two generations, parents and immature offspring)

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4
Q

The comparison from Murdock on the Nayar..?

EVAL AGAINST HIS DEFINTION

A

1959 research by Gough found the NAYAR of southern India, wives did not live with the man they married, and instead had several visiting husbands. Didn’t live permanently. warriors arrive back to sleep with wife. Murdocks definition of this society did not possess a family since fathers did not live with their children.

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5
Q

Matrifocal families and Murdock comparison?

A

Where families in Caribbean, USA had a significant proportion of households not containing an adult male.
However, Gonzalez in 1970 found that the matrifocal family were a well-organised social group. The mothers often get strong support from female relatives, but dosent fit with an adult male.

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6
Q

What happens to Gay and Lesbian Families to Murdock definition of the family.
Legalised

A

Dosent conform, contains both sexes, same-sex relationship. Some societies don’t approve. However, 2005, UK, Civil partnerships legalised for gay and lesbian couples, more socially acceptable.
2014, same-sex marriage

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7
Q

Murdock and problem with common residence?

A

Husband and wife do not always cohabit, NAYAR

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8
Q

Murdock and problem with families containing adults of both sexes?

A

Lesbian and gay and matrifocal families do not conform

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9
Q

Murdock and problem with families containing one or more children?

A

Child-free couples can be seen as a family.

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10
Q

What did Gittens conclude in 1993?

A

concludes that there is no single family type that is found in all societies. not possible to have a definition which fits all societies.

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11
Q

The functionalist perspective on the family?

A

See society as an interrelated whole. Every institution in society performs one or more important functions. Help run smoothly like a well-oiled machine.

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12
Q

The universe functions of family told by Murdock?

A
  1. Sexual function - regulate sexual access and activity
  2. Reproductive function - survival of society
  3. Economic function - economic unit
  4. Educational function - stable society - socialised in society
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13
Q

Talcott Parsons - the basic irreducible functions of the family 1959 - 1965?

A
  1. Primary socialisation - could internalise norms and values of their society of
  2. Stabilisation of adult personalities - brings warmth and security offered by the nuclear family, husband coming home form work.
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14
Q

Talcott Parsons and the changes in the structure of the family to fit the needs of different types of societies?

A

Pre industrial times, extended family was norm.
Nuclear family developed in industrial society where it was necessary because:
1. Industry required a geographically mobile workforce.
2. Socially mobile workforce was also necessary. - extended families status was largely ascribed - oldest males had best jobs - nuclear family avoided this.

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15
Q

Criticisms of functionalism?

A
  1. Some societies don’t have traditional families
  2. Ignores ‘dark side’ abuse, assault
  3. Feminists argue men benefit more than women
  4. Outdated
  5. Postmodernists argue there are many viable alternatives
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16
Q

Why in capitalism was the proletariat exploited? Marx…

A

Was exploited by the bourgeoisie because they were not paid the full value of their work since the bourgeoisie kept some surplus value or profit.

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17
Q

Marxist Engels perspective on the family? (1884)

A

The family developed so that men could be certain of the paternity of children, with marriage allowing them to control women’s sexuality. Be confident of passing property and wealth to biological offspring.

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18
Q

Marxist Zaretsky perspective on the family? (1976)

A

The family as a prop to the capitalist system.
The unpaid domestic labour of housewives supports future generations of workers at no cost to capitalist employers.
Consuming commodities by capitalist businesses, helping the bourgeoisie to make profits. Comforting and alienating workers and helping them to carry on work.

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19
Q

Poulantzas Marxist perpective on the family? (1969)

A

sees the family as part if the superstructure of society. He describes it as part of the ideological state apparatus, which is controlled by capitalists and used to create values, attitudes and beliefs which support the capitalist system and the position of the ruling class.

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20
Q

Criticisms of Marxism?

A
  1. Feminists argue men (patriarchy)
  2. Zaretsky for over exaggerating, family can escape from alienating work since the family can also be characterised by cruel, neglect and violence.
  3. Some families anti capitalist - socialise children into being critical
  4. Outdated
  5. Functionalism
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21
Q

Greer in 2000?

A

Wives much more likely to have violent abuse. Single women generally happier than married..

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22
Q

Somerville? 2000

A

• much more choice to get married, and work
• there is greater equality within marriage
• Most women still value relationships with them.
Though she agrees that the inequalities need to be addressed through practical reforms.

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23
Q

Marxist Benston 1972?

A

Wives used to produce and tear cheap labour for employers - help husbands to carry on - childcare unpaid - no cost to employers…

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24
Q

Giddens 1992 plastic sexuality and confluent love?

A
  • women kept their virginity until marriage
  • plastic sexuality - more for pleasure
  • love dependent relationships, little sense of duty
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25
Q

Stacey Postmodern family?

A

• are very varied in the structure and form they take
• are constantly changing
• have no set structure that is regarded as ideal
Pam and Dotty an exam

26
Q

Aries 1973 - centuries of childhood?

A 
Childhood as social construction
12th to 16th, modern conceptions of childhood didn’t exist.
• children died before adulthood
• chronological age not considered
• children expected to work
• not regarded as being innocent
27
Q

Radical Feminist of Greer (2000)?

A

Even in marriage - Women remain subservient to their husbands
Single women happier by themselves - by increasing divorce numbers
States that wives are more likely to suffer physical and sexual abuse than husbands, and daughters victims are often victims of sexual abuse by male relatives

28
Q

Liberal Feminist of Somerville (2000)?

A
  • Women are still disadvantaged in families
  • Women have much more choice about whether to marry
  • Greater equality of unpaid domestic work
  • Most women still value relationships with men
    However still inequalities within marriage
29
Q

Marxist Feminist of Benston (1972)?

A

Wives used to produce and rear cheap labour for employers. Childcare they provide is unpaid, and help maintain their husbands as workers.

30
Q

Anthony Giddnes and Modernity (1992)?

A
  • In the 18th century, in marriage, women kept their virginity waiting for the perfect partner
  • In more recent phases, plastic sexuality has developed. Sex is more for pleasure than conceiving children.
    Relationships less important
    Confluent love in relationships - no sense of duty to stay in marriage - divorce more common.
31
Q

Beck and Gernsheim individualisation (1995)?

A
  • More opportunities for individuals, more decisions
  • No generally accepted formula or recipe about love, people have work out their solution
  • More competition as there is increased choice and uncertainty
  • Increased uncertainty - more divorce as chaotic personal relationships.
32
Q

Judith and Stancey (1996) postmodern families?

A
  • Are varied in the structure and form they take
  • Are constantly changing
  • Have no set structure that is regarded as idea
    E.G. Pam and Dotty family - constantly changing
  • have relationship with first husband while having a husband.
33
Q

Aries (1973)

A

Childhood as social construction, economic unit, chronological age was not significant, children often died before reaching adulthood

34
Q

Marxist Feminist Fran Ansley (1972) say?

A

Wives suffer as a result of the frustration experienced by husbands in the alienating work that they do for capitalists.

35
Q

Criticisms of feminism?

A
  • Exaggerating exploitation of women within family
  • Largely failing to acknowledge increasing equality
  • Oversimplfying - ignores other aspects
  • Dosent take account of class, ethnicity, age
  • Ignores when men are victims off abuse in family
36
Q

Whats the difference between segregated and joint conjugal roles?

A

Segregated conjugal roles are the roles of husband and wife are different.
Joint conjugal roles are that the roles are similar(both paid work, both do housework)

37
Q

What are the three stages of Young and Willmott’s stages of family life?

A
  1. Pre-industrial family - unit of production, parents and children forming the core.
  2. Early industrial family is extended its network to other kin(related). Close relationship between married daughters and mothers. 1950s, working class, Bethnal Green
  3. 1970s nuclear family became dominant. Based on strong conjugal bond between wife & husband. Other relatives lost importance. Describe as symmetrical family - husband and wife have similar roles.
38
Q

Why symmetrical family developed?

4 factors

A
  • Rising wages and developing welfare state > making them more self-reliant
  • Increasing geographical mobility
  • Small family size (fewer per couple)
  • Improved entertainment and facilities in the home.
39
Q

Contracting point against Willmott and Young extended family becoming less important…
Found out…

A

McGlone et al (1996) kin outside the nuclear family are important because they can provide emotional and practical support.
- Found most parents believed they should continue to support their children even after they had left home.

40
Q

Who talked about the Beanpole family and what did it mean?

A

Julia Brannen (2003) uses the term beanpole family to describe families today. She believes there are strong intergenerational links between grandparents, children and grandchildren but links with siblings and cousins (intragenerational links) are much less important.

41
Q

What did Beck and Beck-Gernsheim say about individualisation (1995)?

A

As the main characteristic of modern life. Is the process in which the wishes of individuals are seen as more important than the maintenance of traditional norms and values, and the prioritisation of the interests of individuals above those of social groups.

42
Q

What are examples of social policies supporting conventional families?
6…

A
  • Educational hours
  • Child benefit
  • Family tax credit
  • Family-sized social housing
  • Child support policies for fathers
  • Expectation of family care for elderly
43
Q

What are examples of social policies undermining conventional families?
6…

A
  • Benefits for lone parents
  • Legalisation of civil partnerships for gay/lesbian couples and of same sex marriage
  • Liberal divorce law
  • State help with childcare for under-fives
  • Prosecution of violent husbands
44
Q

What are the 3 statements about family and social policies in functionalists view point?

A
  • State policies should have the objective of helping the family to perform its functions more effectively
  • Holds a consensus view about the relationship between the family and society
  • The NHS reduces our reliance on families to care for sick relatives, whlist education provides both skills and knowledge and free childcare to allow parents to work.
45
Q

What are the 3 statements about family and social policies in New Right view point?

A
  • Lone parent families do not provide adequate socialisation for children
  • The state should discourage other family forms, particularly lone parent families, by making divorce harder to obtain and reducing generous welfare benefits
  • Believe that the state should promote the traditional nuclear family
46
Q

What are the 3 statements about family and social policies in Donzelot (Marxism) view point?

A
  • Rather than a consensus view, this sociologist holds a conflict view about the relationship between the state and the family.
  • Rejects the ‘march of progress’ view by suggesting that families are increasingly not trusted to properly socialise their children
  • Governments use family policy to exercise power and control over families by using docters, health visitors, teachers and social workers as a form of ‘police’
47
Q

What are the 4 statements about family and social policies in Conservatives (1979-1997) - Thatcher… view point?

A
  • Passing a law to ban the ‘promotion’ of homosexuality in schools
  • Creating the child support agency to enforce maintenance payment for absent fathers (1993)
  • Treating divorce and lone parenthood as a social problem
  • Making divorce easier and allowing ‘illegitimate’’ children to have the same rights as ‘legitimate’
48
Q

What are the 4 statements about family and social policies in New Labour (1997-2010) view point?

A
  • The new deal, working families tax credit and minimum wage
  • Giving unmarried couples the same right to adopt as married couples (2005)
  • Civil partnerships
  • Outlawing discrimination on the basis of sexuality
49
Q

What are the 2 statements about family and social policies in Conservative-led Coalition (2010-2015) view point?

A
  • Legalising gay marriage

- Austerity policies which led to the reduction in benefits and cutting funding for services such as nurseries

50
Q

Statistic about how many women are subject to domestic abuse?

A

1 in 4 women have been assaulted by a partner as some time in their lives.

51
Q

What are the trends in domestic violence from 1981 - 2015?

A

Increased from 1981-96. Declined since

52
Q

2009-10. % of women compared to men victims of domestic violence?

A

Twice as likely to be victims (2x)

53
Q

What did Eileen Drew say about gender regimes (1995)?

Feminist on social policy and family.

A

Policies of different governments follow different gender regimes

  • Familistic gender regimes - favour and support traditional nuclear families in which husbands are expected to be main breadwinner.
  • Individualistic gender regimes - have more equal policies - assumptions should not be made about husbands and wives should be treated more equally. More tolerant on individual choice.
54
Q

Family diversity statistics..?

All lone parents?

A

1971 - 8%
1991 - 19%
2011 - 22%

55
Q

Cohabitation before marriage statistics?

A

1979 - 3%

2005 - 12%

56
Q

Morgan (2003) on rising cohabitation..

A

Part of trend in which marriage is going out of fashion. Rather than being a prelude to marriage, Morgan believes that it represents an increase in the number of sexual partners and the frequency of partner change. She notes that cohabiting couples tend to stay together for a shorter time than married couples.

57
Q

The Rapoports - five types of diversity?

- rapoport - Britain is pluralistic- diverse cultures and lifestyles - response to peoples needs and wishes

A
  • Organsational diversity - ways in which the roles are organised
  • Cultural diversity - ethnic and religious groups have different family structures
  • Social class diversity - WC and SPF, different childrearing practices
  • Life-stage diversity - according to your life style
  • Generational diversity - attitudes towards family diversity based on age and time periods
58
Q

Beck and the negotitated family?

A

We live in ‘risk society’ - tradition has less influence - traditional society was unequal and oppressive but it kept society stable.

  • families are now ‘negotiated’ based on individuals wishes
  • the Zombie family - risk society people to turn to the family for hope - in an insecure world it cannot provide this.
59
Q

Oakley on cereal packet family?

A

Typical family presented in advertising in nuclear families with married couples and their children.

60
Q

What did Chester say about the Neo-conventional family?

A

Main features of family life since WW2

  • Most people still get married
  • Most children are reared by their natural parents
  • Most people live in a household headed by a married couple
  • Most people stay married

A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY (8 decks)

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