Revision Education With Research Methods Flashcards
What did Bowles and Gintis argue about education?
Education is controlled by capitalists and serves their interests. As close relationship between schooling and work - as school used to prepare children for working in capitalism..
What’s the correspondence principle?
States that education corresponds to employment.
What is Bowles and Gintis hidden curriculum?
Capitalism requires a hard-working, obedient workforce that will not challenge the management. (Education)
- Higher grades to better conformists
- Acceptance of hierarchy
- Motivated by external rewards(exams to wages)
- Little understanding of exploitation
Bowles and Gintis idea of meritocracy as a myth?
Class background is the determining factor of how well a person does.
Criticisms of Marxism?
- Education dosen’t create obedient and uncritical workers. - Reynolds (1984) believes that it encourages critical thinking.
- Education doesn’t correspond to work - Brown (1997) believe that much work now requires teamwork rather than obedience
- Functionalism - education benefits as a whole,
- Feminism - benefits men rather than women
- Research is dated
1960s and 70s Labour Governments what were they opposed to?
And what did they replace it with?
- The tripartite system ( Grammar schools, secondary modern schools and technical schools)
- Replaced it with comprehensive schools which all pupils attended (create more equality, class divide, encourage economic growth)
Neoliberal approach on society?
New Right- Private enterprise (competition - efficiency) - raise standards
What did David Lockwood (1966) discover about sub cultures? Orientation Gratification Success Luck
Working class:
- Present time orientation
- Immediate gratification
- Success achieved through collective action
- Fatalism
Middle Class:
- Future-time orientation
- Deferred gratification
- Success achieved through individual action
- Based on ability and work (you make your own luck)
What did Douglas (1964-1970) find about parental attitudes?
Cultural deprivation:
WC - less importance put on school - less relevant
• primary socialisation
Bernstein (1972) speech?
Restricted ( shorthand) and Elaborated (more complex).
Education in elaborated code - making it more difficult to succeed
Bourdieu (1984) with Capital and educational achievement?
Education fixed in favour of middle class (culture).
Parents possession of capital affects achievement
- Economic capital (wealth)
- Cultural capital (parental knowledge,qualifications..)
- Social capital (Valuable contacts - teachers)
- Symbolic capital (Status - image of respect)
What was the study that backed up Bourdieu theory?
Stephen Ball et al. Cultural capital and educational choice.
- MC parental choice advantage over WC
- Knowledge and contacts to get in the best schools
- Catchment area - money there
- They were as keen as MC but lacked both material and cultural resources.
Smith and Noble (1995) material factors?
- Having money - books, healthier diets, study space, private tuition and computer facilities.
- Cannot afford school trips
- Schools in more affluent areas - receive better pupils - schools receive more money
Reay et al. (2005)?
Higher education affected by material and cultural factors. Affluent parents could pay for:
Private tuition
Financial support
Living costs
Hollingsworth and Williams studied the labelling..?
interviewed families…
(2009) studied labelling of WC pupils by MC pupils, interviewed parents and pupils. Chav, chargers or townies were almost always working class.
- MC - negative stereotypes which might demotivate WC
Mac and Ghaill: Labelling and peer groups?
Studies WC pupils, the school had divided pupils into three sets, three distinct, male, WC-peer groups:
- Macho lads - academic failures (hostile)
- Academic achievers - successes (hard-work)
- New enterprisers - positive attitude to school
What did Hargreaves et al. (1975)?
- Teachers label them good or bad based on appearance and personality.
- Label given tends to be lived up by student e.g. less attention to student
- Results to self-fulfilling-prophecy
Ethnic differences.. Chinese, Black and White
five or more GCSES at grade A*-C 2014…
Chinese pupils had the highest proportion achieving this level (80.1% girls and 70%)
Lowest - Black - 58.7%
White - 60.4%
What was Strand study on Ethnicity and achievement in secondary education?
Indian factors..?
Afro-Caribbean material factors?
(2007) compared the progress of Indian, African-Caribbean and white British pupils in the first 4 years.
- Indian made more progress than white
- Afro-Caribbean fell further behind
This is due both to cultural and material factors, Indian pupils:
- high aspirations and dedication to homework
- low levels of truancy and exclusion
- good resource provision
Afro-Caribbean:: - high levels of poverty - living in poor accommodation - attending schools in deprived areas And parents had a culture that would hold them back.
Sue Sharpe study on girls’ aspirations?
And the study that supported it?
(interviews)
Interviewed a sample of girls in the 1970s - love and marriage first priority.
1990s - jobs and careers were top of the list.
Rampion and Taylor (2013), found girls have higher aspirations than boys.
Jackson study on masculinity and femininity in schools? Hegemonic Work Peers Home Pride
- schools dominated by culture of hegemonic (or dominant) masculinity which valued toughness, power and competitiveness.
- academic work was seen as feminine and uncool by boys
- tend to mess around to impress their peers (lad culture)
- boys work at home as don’t want to seem uncool
- lad culture used to restore a sense of pride as labour market lacked sense of status
Bowles and Gintis study on capitalism and hidden curriculum? How is it achieved? Grades Hierarchy Activities Rewards Collectivism
- High grades awarded to pupils who conform, not those who think critically or creatively.
- Schools are based on a hierarchy obey teachers - managers
- School teaches work is boring, prepare for capitalism which is boring and alienating.
- External rewards, grades to pay
- Divided into smaller groups, go against trade unions
Tony Sewell study on African Caribbean subcultures? Conformists Innovators Retreatists Rebels
Study of an all boys school… subcultures:
• Conformists - accepted the values of school
• Innovators - wanted to succeed but disliked the process
• Retreatists - didn’t want to join any subcultures
• Rebels - strongly rejected the school
Rosenthal and Jacobson study on self-fulfilling prophecy?
(1968) - field experiment - Gave teachers fake IQ scores of some pupils, one group bright and others not so bright. Kids labelled as bright had much more progress. Can’t replicate the study.
