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Tissues > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

what does transcellular fluid include

A

cerebrospinal fluid
synovial fluid
ocular fluid

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2
Q

pH in plasma vs intracellularly

A

plasma - 7.4

intracellularly 7.1 = double the [H+]

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3
Q

protein conc intracellularly

A

10mM

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4
Q

Cl- conc intracellularly

A

5mM

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5
Q

what happens to the cell if the solution is hypertonic

A

it shrinks

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6
Q

what happens to the cell if the solution is hypotonic

A

it swells

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7
Q

how does tonicity define the strength of solution

A

as how it affects the final volume of the cell

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8
Q

how are substances exchanged through the endothelium

A

via pores in the cells

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9
Q

what causes oedema

A

increased permeability of the capillary walls to plasma proteins

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10
Q

what does it mean that APs are non-decremental

A

size of the AP is maintained throughout transmission

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11
Q

when is Ca returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

simultaneous to its release

the rate of active transport back in is lower than the rate of release

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12
Q

what does recruitment mean in terms of muscles

A

increasing the number of active motor units

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13
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a single motor neuron and all its fibres

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14
Q

size of cardiac cells compared to SM cells

A

cardiac are larger

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15
Q

what innervates sm cells

A

autonomic nerves

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16
Q

are both sm and cardiac cells spontaneously active

A

yes

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17
Q

what is salbutamol

A

an agonist

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18
Q

how do tyrosine kinases work

A

phosphorylating the AA tyrosine

eg GF receptors eg insulin, epidermal and platelet derived

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19
Q

describe G proteins

A

heterotrimeric
a B and y subunits
have 7 transmembrane couple receptors which when activated stimulate the exchange of GDP to GTP

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20
Q

mechanisms to switch off the intracellular signal

A

receptor inactivation
receptor down regulation - breakdown by lysosomes
the production of inhibitory proteins
inactivation of intracellular signalling proteins

21
Q

components of the epidermis

A

squamous epithelium composed of

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langherhans and merkel cells

22
Q

what is the dermis

A

forms the structural foundation of skin containing bv, nerves and adnexal structures - hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands

23
Q

what is the hypodermis

A

a deep subcutaneous adipose layer

acts as fat and heat store

24
Q

melanin

A

pigment found in epidermis but not secreted

25
Q

layers of the epidermis

A 
cells that gradually keritinise to form the waterproofing layer 
From deep to superficial:
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum 
stratum corneum
26
Q

stratum basale

A

deepest layer
large nuclei
dense cytoplasm

27
Q

stratum spinosum

A

intracellular spines

28
Q

stratum granulosum

A

granules containing precureser filaggrin - help bind keratin filaments

29
Q

stratum corneum

A

contains dead, flattened cells filled with keratin

30
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

on basal surface of epithelial cells
present in dermo-epidermal junctions
attach a single cell to the ECM

31
Q

desmosomes

A

attach 2 cells together

32
Q

adhesion belts

A

control the assembly of other junctions

33
Q

tight junctions

A

form tight seal s between adjacent cells

34
Q

gap junctions

A

form continuous pores on adjacent cells allowing for passage of ions between cells

35
Q

where is hair not found

A

glaborus skin of palms, soles, glans penis, vulval introitus

36
Q

lanugo hair

A

fine and long
formed in foetus at 20weeks - lost at birth
happen with malnutrition - anorexia

37
Q

vellus hair

A

short
fine
light coloured
all over the body

38
Q

terminal hair

A

longer
thicker
pigmented
found on scalp, eyebrow and eyelashes and pubic, axillary and beard areas

39
Q

what happens in catagen

A

cell division slows and stops
shaft keratinises and forms a club shape
dermal papilla and club move to muscle insertion
4-6wks

40
Q

telogen

A

hair actively shed and next anaphase begins

41
Q

time frame of hair growth

A

anagen 2-6wks
catagen 2-3wks
telogen 2-3 months

42
Q

nail matrix

A

contains dividing cells which mature, keratinise and move to form nail plate
can contain melanocytes

43
Q

nail root

A

where the nail begins

embedded underneath the skin at the base of the nail

44
Q

other word for eponychium

A

cuticle

45
Q

what is the eponchium

A

acts as a barrier to the external environment

ensheaths the nail plate from above and below

46
Q

what is the hyponychium

A

thickened epidermis that underlies the free margin of the nail

47
Q

nail bed

A

produces a small amount of keratin and is adherent to the nail plate

48
Q

normal morphology of the nail

A

angle between proximal nail fold and nail plate <180degrees

nail curved in 2 planes and has longitudinal ridges in a proximal to distal direction

Tissues (14 decks)

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