Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RDA > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway for GHRH, CRH/VP

  • inhibitory molecule for TSH
  • draw out hypothalamus/pituitary diagram
A

GHRH /somatostatin (-) -> GH –> liver, tissues –> igf-1

CRH/VP –> acth –> adrenal cortex –> cortisol

Somatostatin inhibits TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chromophils - acidophils and basophils

A

Acidophiles - somatotrophs (GH), lactotrophos(PRL) - orange

Basophils - gonadotrophs (LH, FHS) , Thyrotrophs (tsh) , cortiotrophs (acth) - magenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dating the endometrium

A

Proliferation stage

  • tortuosity
  • a bit of odema - when lined up with stromal mitses then in proliferation stage
  • lots of stromal mitoses

Secretion phase (early luteal) - tortuous glands, basal vaculation, glandular secretions
(late luteal) - luekocyte infiltration , decidual reaction
-nutropholes - open wound after mestration - so need lots of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sequence of sperm getting to vagina, until fertilisation , implantation, nidation

A 
Coagulation
Liquefication
Vagina pH, mucous
Capacitation
Acrosomal reaction (increase calcium into cell, zona pellucida - stimulated by progesterone and zona pelluicda )
Sperm penetration - hyaluronidase - digests basemenet membrane sperm can get through cumulus cells, corona radiata, zone pellucida
Oolemmal membrane - fuse
Cortical reaction  
Implantation
Nidation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Positive and negative feedback for PTH

A

Regulated - serum calcium (negative feedback)

  • serum phosphate (positive)
  • vit D (negative)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name of plugs in spiral arteries

A

endovascular trophoblastic plugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function Amniotic fluid

A
  • buoyant - allows symmetric growth
  • cushions the embryo/fetus
  • Prevents adhesion of fetus with membranes
  • allows fetus to move
  • develop GI/ resp tracts - breathign and swallowing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can you tell with amniotic fluid?

A

Polyhydramnios - excessive amniotic fluid - due to loss of swallowing - often found in diabetic pregnancy

Oligohydramnios - lack of amniotic fluid - potentially due to kidney problems

Also can screen karotype for fetus to see if it is born normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Placental arteries and viens

A

Arteires - carry deoxygenated blood from baby to mother

Viens - carry oxygenated blood from mother to fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Management of PCOS

A

lose weight, can get ovulation

  • medicaiton to induce ovulation, clomiphene citrate
  • surgery - to induce ovulation, remove androgen producing tissue
  • metformin - for insulin resistance e
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Premature ovarian insufficiencey

A
  • will see how oestrogen and high fsh - this is because not enough oetrogen is being produced by the ovaries, and so the reduced negative feedback will stimulate more fsh to try and get oestrogen made
  • less frequent menstruation and eventually ovulation stops
  • need counselling, and fertility specialist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Activation of myometrium

A

Activation of myometrium

  • increase CAPs - gap junctions (not many in quiesence)
  • more power to activate muscle

** -prostaglandin and oxytocin receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oxytocin

A

Not essential for initiation of labour

  • requires gap junctions to be effective
  • used to induce and augment labour
  • primary prevention of post partum hemmorage (causes uterus to contract after baby is born)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1st stage of labour

A

1st stage - until full dilation

  • muscle contractions
  • cervical effacement and dilation
  • descent of presenting part
  • rupture of membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What needs to be acheived to placenta and mother when baby is born?

A

-involution - placental separation, cleavage through decidua basalis, contractions to prevent postpartum haemorrhage, increased uterine sensitivity to oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fetal fibronectin

A

high molecularweight glycoprotein
Present in cervico vaginal fluids in first trimester
-is stuck
-seen in many females who have preterm birth

negative predictive value - want to know this

17
Q

How to improve outcomes?

A
  • Risk selection history taking
  • stop smoking
  • assess maternal health risks
  • cervical length most powerful predictor
  • use progesterone for short cervix
  • confirm risk in threatened PTL - use steroids, magSO4 if delivery like
18
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

cant make cortisol so make lots of male hormones instead

19
Q

Virilised (masculinaised) girl

cause

A
  • Have ovaries
  • Normal female internal genitalia (uterus)
  • Karyotype - XX

-exposed to male hormone before birth (think where has this come from)

  • fetal - congongenital adrenal hyperplasia - hard to make cortisol so make lots of male hormone instead
  • Maternal - ingestion of male hormones - oral contraceptives, PCOS, andorgen secreting tumours
20
Q

Undervirilised Male

A

Have testis, no internal female genitalia, karyotype XY
-Implies lack of angrogen or resistant to its effects

  • Fetal - LH receptor mutation (usually complete female - no breast development)
  • Androgen receptor mutation

Normal formed phallus - hypothalamic - damage lH to make testosterone

21
Q

No testis and is XY, what could this be from?

A

a problem early on up (before gonadal differentiation)

22
Q

What can cause crushing syndrome?

A

Cause - primary functional adrenal tumour

  • ACTH secreting tumour
  • exogenous glucocoritcoid
23
Q

ACTH receptor loss of function mutation

A

low cortisol levels

  • adrenal gland does not develop properly
  • no cortisol and androgen formation
  • same signs as glucocorticoid deficiencey
24
Q

Defect in cortisol synthesis

from early age

A

-low cortisol levels lead to high acth levels, which stimulates the adrenal cortex excess production of adrenal precursor and adnreal hyperplasia

not able to convert coritsol so it forms different androgens and makes more testosteroen and causes the virilisation in tehse girls

25
Q

Young boy, normal sized testis but large penis, growing very fast , high BP, high sodium, and low K, very dark

A

Dark skin - primary problem with acth

  • small testis - know that androgens did not come from testis
  • sex steroids - either form gonads or adrenlas - must be adrenals
  • congenital adrenal hyperpalsia or fucntional adrenal neoplasm
    • more likely to be block in an enzyme makign coritsol because is dark and making msh
  • can make another androgen that cna bind to mineralcortiocid receptor
  • so get low renin and aldoesterone
  • lack of cortisol drives this to make increases levels of this hormone

management - suppress acth - give glucocorticoids

  • bone age - advanced - turn of the outside hormones, turn off your own puberty
  • treat hypertension
26
Q

what would cause low levels of oestrogen in utero?

A

Ancephalic pregnancies - adrenals usually atrophic, have low levels because cannot convert progestrogen to androgens

27
Q

Pre eclampsia

A
  • elevated maternal blood pressure w protein in urine
  • more common for first pregnancies
  • triggered by placenta (e.g toxin)
  • is an exaggerated inflammatory response leading to vascular dysfunction
  • failure of normal vascular adaptation to pregnancy
  • loss of normal maternal peripheral vascular resistance
28
Q

Emergency contraceptive pill

A
  • levonorgestrel
  • take within 72 hours of unprotected sex
  • no effect if given after ovulation
  • good efficacy
  • doesn’t work if large BMI
29
Q

Development of breast during pregnancy

A
  • oestrogen - essential for breast growth
  • progesterone - induces side branching of ducts, but also prevents milk production (is a smooth muscle relaxant)
  • prolcatin - necessary for alveolar developments but also stimulates caesin and lacta albumin mRNAS
  • Insulin and cortisol - stimulate alveolar epithelial cell division

-way more alveolar form for pregnancy , and ductile system grows

30
Q

Graves disease

A

causes thyrotoxicosis - and is when there is an autoimmune reaction to tsh receptor - overstimualtes it causes too much thryoid homrone

31
Q

thyroid hormone resistance syndrome

A

receptor mutations lead to pituitary insensitivity to T3, so tsh rises and causes rise in t4 and t3. -patient can presnet with hypo or hyperhtyroid features in different tissus and may have goiter

32
Q

Thyroditiis

A
  • inflammation of thryoid gland (pre formed thyroid homrone is dumped from lumen with thryoglobulin)
  • patient presents as thyrotoxic, then has a hypothyoid phase and usually recovers
  • ciruclating thyroglobulin is increased and serves as a tumour maker
33
Q
  • Main causes of hypercalcemia
A

PTH dependent - primary hyperparathyroidism

PTH independent

  • Cancer e.g PTHrP
  • ** -Vit D intoxication
34
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A
  • Advanced renal failure, ability to secrete phosphate is reduced
  • hypoparathyoridism
  • PTH resistance
35
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

vit D deficiencey - elderly

  • resp alkalosis (Drives phosphate into cells)
  • renal loss

-increased PTH

36
Q

Phosphatonins

A

-comes from bone
PHEX inhibits this

FGF23 - derived from bone
-decreases kidney and gut absorption of phosphate to cause hypophosphatemia

Can get aquired and genetic problems - abnormality in transport across gut (hypophosphatemia)

37
Q
  • Cause of hypocalcemia
A

Hypoparathyoridsm
-surgery to neck, genetic (mutation in genes)

Parathyroid hormone resistance - doesn’t work, so cannot get increase in calcium

Abnormality in vit D metabolism

38
Q

Autosomal dominant hypercalciuric hypocaclcemia

A

Activation of calcium sensitive receptor

  • Parathyroids read plasma ionised calcium level as being higher than it really is
  • will switch off processes that drive absorption and reabsorption of urine

-if this receptor doesnt work then patients look like they have mild parathyrodism

  • no treatment if asymptomatic
  • can give vit D
39
Q

Immune system change in pregnancy

A
  • Immune reaction to sperm when they enter the vagina
  • however repeated exposure may dapen the immune response and be beneficial to pre eclampsia
  • White cell count increases due to increase in neutrophil population, which commences in the luteal phase of the cycle and doesn’t drop in pregnancy
  • neutrophils are important for preparing the cervix for labour

-more th2 than th1 - drive immune system towards antibody mediated response

Contains many NK cells - act by antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxity

RDA (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions