✅(Revision)(中間テスト問題) Flashcards
What term best describes the transfer of energy through the biota of an ecosystem?
a) habitat
b) niche
c) adaptation
d) speciation
e) trophic level
trophic level
Which term best describes the economic phenomenon of moving a polluting factory from Japan to Vietnam?
a) spatial fix
b) mode of production
c) superfund
d) economism
e) surplus value
spatial fix
Which market-based solution involves setting of a pollution limit and a market for permits to pollute?
a) green consumption
b) green certification
c) green taxes
d) cap and trade
e) banking programs
cap and trade
Which of the following concepts does The Enclosure Laws in England best exemplify?
a) globalization
b) eco-feminism
c) risk perception
d) primitive accumulation
e) women`s empowerment
primitive accumulation
Who primarily benefitted from the discourse of desertification in North Africa?
a) European colonizers
b) European scientists
c) North African nomadic tribes
d) North African scientists
e) Both Europeans and Africans
European colonizers
Which level of biotic organization best describes a group of the same butterfly species in one area?
a) ecosystem
b) biome
c) population
d) community
e) collective
population
What word best describes the costs or benefits that are not directly a part of the commodity production?
a) transaction cost
b) monopoly
c) monosomy
d) coase theorem
e) externality
externality
Which organism is a producer?
a) grasshopper
b) dandelion
c) human
d) mushroom
e) snake
dandelion
Which of Elinor Ostrom`s design principles is most closely associated with the idea that many sustainable common pool resource is governed by the people who directly use that resource?
a) proportionality
b) monitoring
c) sanctions
d) collective choice
e) conflict resolution
collective choice
What is the theoretical metaphor (model) for a situation in which a particular action would result in an optimal solution for all, but individual incentive to act selfishly will result in a worse situation for everyone?
a) res nullius
b) private property regime
c) institutional arrangement
d) problem of scale
e) prisoner`s dilemma
prisoner`s dilemma
David Orr discussed 6 myths of education. Which one is NOT one of those myths?
a) knowledge is increasing
b) ignorance is a solvable problem
c) technology can fix the planet
d) we can restore what we broke
e) the goal of education is to heal the earth
the goal of education is to heal the earth
Which of the following best describes the argument made by Gilbert White?
a) market failure is caused by monopolies and monopsonies
b) nature is always right
c) reducing risks requires both engineering and social solutions
d) human population will exceed the resources on this planet
e) a common pool resource will result in depletion of that resource
reducing risks requires both engineering and social solutions
What did Aldo Leopold lament when hearing the cries of sandhill cranes in “Marshland Elegy”?
a) the draining of marshes
b) the lack of access to nature reserves
c) the extinction of cranes
d) the collapse of the grain market
e) the decline in quality of education
the draining of marshes
What term did Johan Rockström and his colleagues use to refer to the threshold that should not be crossed if humanity is to be able to prosper in the future?
a) operating levels
b) ecological limit
c) ecological footprint
d) planetary boundary
e) systemic capacity
planetary boundary
Which term would best describe the position of a person who is against factory farming because livestock animals have the right to be well treated?
a) stewardship
b) dominion thesis
c) holism
d) naturalistic fallacy
e) moral extensionism
moral extensionism
What is the term used to describe how capitalism undermines itself by undermining the environmental conditions necessary for its own perpetuation?
a) first contradiction of capitalism
b) second contradiction of capitalism
c) third contradiction of capitalism
d) overaccumulation
e) hazard capitalism
second contradiction of capitalism
What is the global population of human beings today?
a) 7 billion
b) 8 billion
c) 9 billion
d) 10 billion
e) 11 billion
8 billion
Which of the following terms best describe a group of statements and texts that, taken together, have significance in the world?
a) concept
b) discourse
c) ideology
d) narrative
e) signifying practice
discourse
What did Emma Marris say in her TED talk?
a) nature has the power to heal itself
b) nature is found only in protected areas
c) nature is everywhere, including cities
d) nature is nowhere to be found, now that we have destroyed it
e) nature must be protecte
nature is everywhere, including cities
What do Mary Douglas and other cultural theorists suggest about risk?
a) hard-wired through evolution
b) informed by ecomodernism
c) irrational and affect based
d) learned through socialization
e) limits people`s ability to make decisions
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What, in addition to the biota, is an ecological system comprised of?
a) disturbance
b) ecosystem
c) abiota
d) biome
e) community
abiota
What does the IPAT model claim to be the factors determining environmental impact?
a) productivity, affordability, tradition
b) population, affluence, territory
c) population, affluence, technology
d) productivity, affluence, technology
e) population, affordability, territory
population, affluence, technology
Which case was used in the textbook to explain the difference between utilitarianist and preservationist approaches?
a) the bet between Ehrlich and Simon
b) the love canal incident
c) intensive animal farming
d) Hetch Hetchy valley
e) irrigation system in India
Hetch Hetchy valley
Flint water crisis of 2016 is an example of which of the following?
a) social constructionism
b) production of nature
c) scientific racism
d) indigenous environmental knowledge
e) structural environmental racism
structural environmental racism
What term would best describe the anthropological effort to measure skull size to determine that Europeans were intellectually superior to Africans?
a) anthropocentrism
b) human zoology
c) scientific racism
d) setter colonialism
e) structural racism
scientific racism
What term refers to idea that women`s perspective has been marginalized in the sciences?
a) environmental justice
b) gendered division of labour
c) intersectionality
d) standpoint theory
e) the science wars
standpoint theory
Which effort would a cornucopian most likely approve? (2 answers)
a) the coase theorem
b) babylegs
c) greenwashing
d) the Chipko movement
e) the green revolution
babylegs & the green revolution
Eutrophication is associated most closely with which geochemical cycle?
a) agricultural cycle
b) carbon cycle
c) nitrogen cycle
d) sulfuric cycle
e) food web cycle
nitrogen cycle
Which UN conference did Shinobu Sakamoto, the Minamata disease survivor, participate when she was 15 years old?
a) UN conference of the human environment in Stockholm, 1972
b) UN World Conference on Women in Mexico City, 1975
c) UN Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janiero, 1992
d) UN Conference on climate change in Kyoto, 1997
e) UN Minamata convention on Mercury in Geneva, 2017
UN conference of the human environment in Stockholm, 1972
John Berger writes that “Modern zoos are an epitaph to a relationship which was as old as man.” Of what is this “epitaph”?
a) the residue of animal essence in human beings
b) the economic, religious, and symbolic importance of animals in human society
c) humanity`s losing battle which disease that were transmitted from animals
d) humanity sharing ecosystems, such as forest and oceans, with wild animals
e) the dangers of wild animals, preying on human beings, especially children
the economic, religious, and symbolic importance of animals in human society
Which author blamed college education for the environmental problems we face today?
a) Johan Rockström
b) David Orr
c) Aldo Leopold
d) Emma Marris
e) Mary Douglas
David Orr
