revision 1

Question 1

key features of the endocrine system

Answer 1

diffusion
cell-cell
slow
long distance

Question 2

key features of the nervous system

Answer 2

coarse
rapid
point-point
short

Question 3

what are the three types of hormone

Answer 3

protein
cholesterol/steriod
amino acid

Question 4

define hormone

Answer 4

chemical messenger made by specialised glands and transported to a target organ leading to a physiological response

Question 5

define a gland

Answer 5

specalised cells for secretion

Question 6

define an endocrine gland

Answer 6

ductless
hormones released into the blood
doesnt use any tubes

Question 7

define an exocrine gland

Answer 7

has ducts

secretes fluids and enzymes

Question 8

what is acromegaly?

Answer 8

hormonal disorder where the pituitary gland produces excess amounts of growth hormone.

Question 9

whats the role of the adrenal cortext

Answer 9

outer portion of the adrenal gland and it produces steroid hormones, and mineralocorticoid hormones.

Question 10

whats the role of the adrenal glands

Answer 10

regulate the stress response through synthesis of cortisol and adrenaline

Question 11

what is adrenocorticotrophin? ATCH

Answer 11

hormone produced by the Ant pit that stimulates the adrenal gland

Question 12

what is an androgen?

Answer 12

hormones that help develop sex organs and functions

Question 13

whats the role of caalcitonin

Answer 13

protein hormone
secreted by cells in the thyroid gland
it inhibits bone degradation and stimulates the uptake of calcium and phosphate by bone

Question 14

whats the role of cortisol

Answer 14

hormone produced by the adrenal glaand
involved in the stress response
increases blood pressure and blood sugar levels

Question 15

cushings syndrome

Answer 15

hormonal disorder
caused by prolonged exposure of the tissues to high levels of cortisol
relatively rare

Question 16

FSH

Answer 16

follicle stimulating hormone
controls the female menstrual cycle and production of eggs by the ovaries
high levels just before ovulation
in males in regulates sperm production

Question 17

role of glucagon

Answer 17

hormone for carbohydrate metabolism
release when glucose levels in the blood are too low, hypoglycemia
causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose

Question 18

gonadatrophins

Answer 18

hormones that stimulate the growth and activity of the gonads

Question 19

gonadatrophin releasing hormone GnRH

Answer 19

peptie hormone reponsible for the release of gonadatrophins from the ant pit
its made by the hypothalamus`

Question 20

graves disease

Answer 20

most common form of hyperthyriodism

immune system attacks thyriod gland and causes it to over produce thryoxine

Question 21

role of the hypothalamus

Answer 21

area in the brain regulating vital autonomic centres

- produces hormones that control many body functions

Question 22

IGF-1

Answer 22

insulin like growth factor
polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin
plays a role in childhood growth and anabolic effects in adults

Question 23

LH

Answer 23

Lutenising hormone

triggers ovulation in females

Question 24

oxytocin

Answer 24

hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain

facilitates childbirth/partuition and breastfeeding

Question 25

parathryiod

Answer 25

make hormones used in calcium and phosphorus regulation

Question 26

pineal gland

Answer 26

small endocrine gland at the centre of the brain and secretes melatonin used for sleeping and waking patterns

Question 27

pituitary gland

Answer 27

located at the base of the skul | controls growth, BP breast milk production and metabolism

Question 28

Polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS

Answer 28

endocrine disorder | cause by overproduction of male hormones in females

Question 29

role of progesterone

Answer 29

female hormone that acts on the uterus to prepare it for reciving a fertilised egg when the levels fall it causes menstruation

Question 30

prolactin

Answer 30

peptide hormone associated with lacatation | high levels during pregnancy stimulate milk production

Question 31

steriods

Answer 31

set of molecules which includes some hormones that contain an arrangement of carbon rings include sex hormones, cortiocosteriods, anabolic steroids and cholesterol hormones

Question 32

thymus gland

Answer 32

located in the chest behind the stermun | hormones produced bhere stimulate the production of immune cells and plays a role in T cell development

Question 33

thyroid gland

Answer 33

inside the neck | regulates metabolism and the ability of the body to break down food and covert to energy

Question 34

thyroid stimulatiing hormone

Answer 34

TSH, made by the hypothalamus and is transported by the AntPit to stimulate the hyriod to secrete its hormone thyroxine

Question 35

vitamin D

Answer 35

fat soluble vitamin made by skin on exposure to UV rays from the sun active Vit D, D3, functions as a hormone sending messages to the intestine to increase absorption of calcium and phosporus

Question 36

why do hormones take longer than neurones to induce their response

Answer 36

hormones act through second messengers or regulation of gene expression and these processes take longer for a reponse neuronal is direct stimulation so fast

Question 37

where is oxytocin secreted from?

Answer 37

thypothalamus

Question 38

where is aldosterone secreted from

Answer 38

adrenal gland

Question 39

where is vasopresisn secreted from?

Answer 39

hypothalamus

Question 40

where is calcitonin secreted from?

Answer 40

thyriod gland

Question 41

describe paracrine signalling

Answer 41

hormones released into the blood affecting a distant site

Question 42

describe autocrine signalling

Answer 42

hormones released into interstituim and act on cells nearby

Question 43

describe the properties of peptide hormones

Answer 43

hydrophillic freely disolve and ciruclate in the blood short half life

Question 44

how are peptide hormones synthesised

Answer 44

made as a pre-pro horomone then cleaved into prohormone then moved to golgi to be cleaved to active form and stored ready fror use

Question 45

list the hormones the hypothalamus secretes

Answer 45

releasing hormones: GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH | stomatastain, dopamine, vaspressin, oxytocin

Question 46

list the hormones the thyriod gland secretes

Answer 46

T3, T4 and calcitonin

Question 47

list the hormones the adrenal gland secretes

Answer 47

cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgen, adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 48

list the hormones of the Ant Pit

Answer 48

``` corticotropin FSH LH prolactin thryoidotrophin growth hormone ```

Question 49

list the hormones of the pos pit

Answer 49

oxytocin | vasopressin