Reproductive endocrinology Flashcards by Issy Garratt

3 key male testes cell

sertoli
leydig
germ cells

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whats the role of Leydig cells

produce testosterone

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role of the sertoli cells

functional somatic cells
essential for teste formation and
secrete androgen binding protein

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which part of the teste is essential for ability to fertilise

the epididymis

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what are androgens

male sex hormones made in leydig cells in response to pituitary LH
made from cholesterol

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how is testosterone made

in response to LH on leydig cells

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role of LH in males

LH binds to surface receptors (G-proteins) on leydig cells
activates cAMP production and protein kinase A
this causes testosterone to be made from cholesterole

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role os FSH

binds to G proteins on setoli cells
stimulates cAMP/protein kinase A
this causes sertoli cells to make-
- adrogen binding prtein
- nutrients needed for smperatogenesis
- inhbin
- aromatase

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role of inhibin

a protein hormone that controls FSH secretion

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testosterone

some metabolised in testses and certain tissues to DHT which is more potent

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DHT

Di-hydro-testosterone

a more potent androgen

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action of androgens

dissociates fom androgen binding protein and diffuses into cells
binds to intracellular receptor
alterns gene expression and protein sysnthesis

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do cells prefer DHT or T?

cells bind DHT with higer affinity

because its moe potent

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androgen receptor

ligand dependent transcipion factor

it can translocate to nucleus and alter gene expression from here

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roles of testosterone in males

promotes growth and maturation of repoductive dystem at puberty
spermatogenesis
maintains repdocutive tract
controls gonadotrophin secretion via neg feedback

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what does androgen do on secondary sex characteristics

promote body growth and muscle masses
increases the lean to fat ratio
promotion of bone growth and male hair patterning
voice deepens

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what happens to hormones as puberty is reached

increased GnRH
gonadotrophs more sensitive
decreases neg feedback sensitivity
spermatogenesis

what two hormones are relased from the Ant pit to affect male testes

FSH and LH

whats the role of LH in males

LH targets the leydig cells to stimulate testosterone production

whats the role of FHS in males

tagets the sertoli cells to make androgen binding protein and spermatogenesis
inhibin also secreted by sertoli cells

role of inhibin in males

made by the sertoli cells

negative feedback on FSH production

what does the menstrual cycle represent?

hormonal changes in a female

first day of bleedining = day 1 of cycle and

what do the ovaries produce

eostrogens, progesterone and ovum

what does the basal body temp rise during the menstrual cycle

as progesterone peaks, the basal body temp will rise in the 2nd half of the cycle
this can be used to predict times of fertility

what causes folicles of eggs to develop?

surges of LH stimulate oestrogen production | FSH promotes folliculara growth

role on inhibin in females

supress FSH from the pituitary

describe the HPO axis in menstrution

the hypothalamus releases GnRH this stimulates the pituitary gland to make LH and FSH these both stimuate the ovaries to ovulate and the further development of the follicle and secretion of oestrogens and inhibin inhibin has neg feedback role on FSH from pit oestrogen can also have neg feedback role

role of FSH being released from pit

binds to ovaries causing the development of ovarian follicles and secretion of oestrogen and inhibin

role of LH being secreted from the pit

production of oestrogen | coversion into corpus luteum to make progesterone

in pregnancy what occurs hormonally

GnRH, FSH and LH are all inhibited causing cessation of menstruation

outline the follicular stage

``` start of cycle FHS rises follicles stimulated oestrogen made from follicles folicles mature oesterogen canuses lining to thicken LH now suges folicle now ruptures and ovum released ```

outline the luteal phase

``` corpus luteum starts making progesterone endometrium ready to receive egg neg feedback, lower LH and FSH levels falling means corpus degernates, no progeserone now trigges menstruation ```

what happens in menstruation if an egg is implanted

a fertilised ovum will produve hCG this has similar role to LH and prevents degeneration of corpus luteum progesterone levels stready

what are the menstrual stages

follicular and luteal

what are the uterine stages

proliferate secretory menstrual

what is the proliferative uterine stage

endometrium exposed to oestrogen causes growth and repair of the functionl layer proliferation of the endometrium - increased thickness, more vascularisation

whats the secretory uterine stage

begin once ovulated driven by progesterone and corpus endometrial glands secrteion to make uterus welcoming for embryo

whats the menstrual uterine phase

``` if no implanation corpus degerates decreases progeterone loss of blood suply to endometrium endometrium shed out of vagina ```

how are fertility drugs used?

increase changes of getting pregnant | FSH used in IVF to stimuate multile follicles to develop

how are anti-fertility drugs used

contraception synthetic oestrogen or progesterone to inhibit follicle development and ovulation neg feedback on HPO xis

what bodily effects do oestrogen have on a female

- endomentrium to thicken - mucus less hostile - bone development - breast devellopment - fat deposition

what is a mature follicle called?

Graafadian follicle