Pancreas

Question 1

exocrine part of pancreas

Answer 1

digestive enzymes

Question 2

endocrine part of pancreas

Answer 2

islets

hormones

Question 3

3 cell types of the pancreas

Answer 3

alpha cell, glucagon hormone
beta cell, insulin
delta cells, stomataostain

Question 4

insulin structure

Answer 4

stored in beta cell granulues with zinc

made as pre-pro hormone and procesed

Question 5

synthesis of insulin

Answer 5

RER synthesiss peptide
vesciles bud off and carry the hormone to the golgi
modified here
stored in granules ready in beta cells

Question 6

insulin receptor

Answer 6

cell surface
intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
ligand binds causing dimerisation and conformatonal change, series of phosphorylation

Question 7

targets of insulin

Answer 7

muscle- increased GLUT4 and glyocogen synthesis
liver- increased glycogen, increased lipolysis
adipose- increase GLUT4 increased lipolysis

Question 8

stimulation of insulin secretion

Answer 8

glucose stimulates beta cels to take up calcum which triggers a mechanism where insulin granules are moved towards the membrane and released by exocytosis

Question 9

insulin action on muscle and adipose target cells

Answer 9

Pi3 kinase used to stimulate vesicles contaning GLUT4 to move to the membrane and fuse and release it
glucose now enters the cell down conc gradient

Question 10

how is the insulin receptor regulated

Answer 10

can be internalised into a vesicle and cycles back up or away to regulate amount of stimulation on target tissues

Question 11

process of insulin being released

Answer 11

• glucose moves into the beta cell
• the glucose is phosphorylated
• depolarisation of cel occurs
• calcum channels open
• ca moves in
• Ca dependend kinase allows stimulation of exocytosis to release insulin granules out

Question 12

how is insulin regulated neuronally?

Answer 12

increased parasympathetic activity in gut in response to food stimulates insulin relese, feed forward reponse

Question 13

feed forward response

Answer 13

during feeding--
- parasmpathetic nerves stimulates 
gastrointestinal peptides relseased
glucose and amino acids in blod
insuin in stimulated and released

Question 14

glucagon

Answer 14

made by alpha cells
counter regulator for insulin
acts to mobilise fuel

Question 15

stimulators of glucagon

Answer 15

low blood glucose

prolonged fasting or exercise

Question 16

fed state

Answer 16

insulin dominates

Question 17

fasted state

Answer 17

glucagon dominates

Question 18

type 1 diabetes

Answer 18

insulin dependent diabetest melitus IDDM

Question 19

type 2 diabests

Answer 19

non-insulin dependent NIDDM

Question 20

untreated symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Answer 20

metabolic ascidosis
protein catabolism
tissue damage
cerebral oedema

Question 21

symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

high blood glucose
glucose i urine
poyluria
polydipsia

Question 22

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 22

pancreatic beta cell islet damage
typically autoimmune
juvenile onset

Question 23

treatments for type 1 diabetest

Answer 23

replacement therapy with injects

Question 24

characteristics of type 2 diabetest

Answer 24

loss of responsiveness of tissues to insulin

adult onset

Question 25

treatments for type 2 diabetest

Answer 25

weight reduction lifestyle changes, exercise

metformin

Question 26

what is metformin

Answer 26

it works to treat type 2 diabetes by enhancing insluin sensitiviy and icnreaasing insulin receptor tyrosin kinase activity
enchanges glycogen synthesis q

Question 27

effects of excess insulin

Answer 27

eg insulin dose too high in type 2 diabetes or an insulinoma, b cell tumour

• low blood glucose, hypoglycaemic
• blurring of speech and vision, unsteadyness, uncounscousness
• increased synpathetic nervous system, raised BP and HR

Question 28

congenital insulin resistance

Answer 28

leprachnism
lack of functional insulin receptors
growth retardation
infants typically die early on