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Endocrinology yr2 > mechanisms of hormone action > Flashcards

mechanisms of hormone action Flashcards

1
Q

what is neuroendocrine signaling

A

nerve cell to blood vessel going to a target cell

halfway between endocrine and neurotransmitters

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2
Q

adrenaline effect on alpha receptors

A

vessel constricts

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3
Q

adrenaline effect on beta receptors

A

vessel dilates

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4
Q

define an endocrine gland

A

ductless system

secretes hormone into blood stream

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5
Q

describe the synthesis of chonesterol hormones

A

cholesterol taken up by the cell
stored in cell in esterified form
transported into mitochondria
cytochome P45 cleaves enzyme removing side chain
its now pregnenolone
this is metabolised to form further cholesterol hormones

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6
Q

describe the synthesis of peptide hormones

A

translated in the RER
pre-pro hormone
sent to golgi
further processed to make active form

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7
Q

what kind of post-translational modifications occur to peptide hormones

A 
glycosylation
disulphide bond formation
subunit assembely
endopeptidase cleavage
dimerisation
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8
Q

how are steriod hormones transported

A

with a carrier binding protein

eg albumin

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9
Q

where do water soluble hormones have their receptor

A

on cell surface

extracelular

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10
Q

where do water insoluble hormone have their receptor

A

intracellular

diffuse through the membrane

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11
Q

define hormone

A

chemical messenger secreted by specific cells and tissues that travel ( often in the blood) to act on specific high affinity receptors on a target cell

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12
Q

define a ligand

A

a molecule that binds to a specific site on a protein or other molecule
eg a hormone binding to a receptor

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13
Q

main property of a steriod hormone

A

hydrophobic

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14
Q

main properly of a peptide hormone

A

hydrophillic

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15
Q

main properties of hydrophobic hormone

A 
water hater 
insoluble in water
needa  carrier molecule/protein
intracellular receptor
synthesis on demand
resistant, longer half life
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16
Q

main properties on hydrophillic hormones

A

water loving
soluble in water and blood
degraded quickly so short half life
extracellular receptor

17
Q

give two examples of amino acid hormones

A

thryioxine and adrenaline

18
Q

properties of thyrioxine

A 
hydrophobic
stored in thyriod
small and potent
intracellualr receptor
long half life in circulation
19
Q

properties of adrenaline

A

hydrophillic
blood soluble
easily degraded in circulation
extracellular receptor

20
Q

hormones that use intracellular receptors

A 
cortisol
estradiol
testosterone
progesterone
thyroxine
21
Q

explain briefly GPCRs

A

G protein coupled receptors
singla binds to extracellular receptor, GPCR changes conformation
GDP is swapped for GTP
subunits of GPCR now active
this can now regulate downstream effets using 2nd messegers

22
Q

examples of hormones using enzyme couples receptors

A

insulin
growth hormone
epidemal growth factor

23
Q

briefly describe enzyme couples receptors

A

singple cytoplasmic domain with enzymatic activity in cytoplasm
hormone binds causing dimerisation activating enzyme
catalytic activity inside cytosol such as kinase

24
Q

give an enzyme of an enzyme coupled receptor

A

receptor tyrosin kinases

25
Q

kinase

A

enzyme to add phosphates

26
Q

phosphatases

A

enzyme to remove the phosphates

27
Q

describe the molecular swtich by phosphoylation model

A

protein kinase uses ATP to add a phosphate to the molecule turning it on
protein phosphate can then remove the phosphate turning the signal back off

28
Q

example of a second messenger

A

cAMP
DAG
IP3
Ca2+

29
Q

decribe the process of adrenaline from binding to its receptor to its celular effects

A

binds to GPCR
conformational change, GDP to GTP
now active
activated adenylyl cyclase which uses ATP to make cAMP
this activated protein kinase A
leds to inibition of glycogen synthsis and promites glyogen breakdown

30
Q

how are ligands regulated?

A

the secretion

the proccessing eg prohomones need to be conveterted to active before being used as a ligand

31
Q

how are receptors regulated?

A

isoforms
expression pattern
receptor number
receptor affinity

32
Q

where are beta adrenergic receptors found?

A

adrenaline receptors

surface of skeletal muscle

33
Q

where are alpha adrenergic receptors found

A

gut lining

34
Q

how is receptor number regulated

A

eg the insluin receptor
receptors on cell surface are cycled internally changing the number
encodytosed internally, some destroyed or stored in a vesile before being cycled back up again

35
Q

name normones with an intracellular receptor

A

cortisol
testosterone
progesterone

36
Q

name hormones with an extracellular receptor

A

adrenaline
glucagon
oxytocin
ADH

37
Q

why are some hormones more potent that others?

A

some can cause more amplification than others

38
Q

what shoukd you include to begin of an essay

A

define hormone
define cell communication
define hormone signalling

Endocrinology yr2 (9 decks)

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