Revised Chapter 11 Only Terms Flashcards
What is a theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population
Normal curve
The cutoff point is referred to as alpha (a), or the _______ which is the probability level at which the results of statistical analysis are judged to indicate a statistically significant difference between the groups.
Level of significance
The level of significance selected for most nursing studies is______. If the p value found in the statistical analysis is less than ______, the experimental and comparison groups are considered to be significantly different
0.05; 0.05
Type ______error (α) occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. (e.g., when the results indicate that there is a significant difference, when reality there is not) (false positive)
I
Type _____ error (β) occurs when the null hypothesis is regarded as true but is in fact false (e.g., The results indicate there is no significant difference, when in reality there is a difference) (false negative
II
Technique used to determine the risk of type II error so that the study can be modified to decrease the risk of necessary and ensure that the study has adequate sample size.
Power analysis
Conducting a power analysis includes what four things:
- The level of significance (α = 0.05)
- Sample size
- Power (minimum acceptable power is = 0.80 (80%)
- Effect size (> 0.50 : large)
What are summary statistics that allow the researcher to organize data in ways that give meaning and facilitate insight
Descriptive statistics
Describes the occurrence of scores or categories in a study
Frequency
What are the three types of frequency distributions:
Ungrouped frequency distributions
Grouped frequency distributions
Percentage distributions
What are the measures of central tendency:
Mean
Median
Mode
What is the numerical value that occurs with the greatest frequency :
Mode
What is the midpoint or the score at the exact center of the ungrouped frequency distribution (50th percentile:
Median
What is the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores being summed
Mean
What are the measurements of dispersion
Range Variance Standard deviation Confidence interval Standardized scores Scatterplots
Simplest method of dispersion, which is obtained by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score
Range
The _____ for scores in a study is calculated with a mathematical equation and indicates the spread or dispersion of the scores
Variance
What is the square root of the variance ?
Standard deviation
When the probability of including value of the population within an interval estimate is known, it is refereed to as _______.
Confidence interval
Raw scores are transformed into _____ scores
Standardized scores
Most common is z= scores
is a visual representation of data, on a scaled graph, with two axes. Used to display matched values- height versus weight, for instance. Unless drawn to scale, a _______ is only fairly good at displaying dispersion, and provides no quantification
Scatterplots
_____ statistics are designed to address objectives, questions, and hypothesis in studies to allow inference from the study sample to the target population
Inferential statistics
What are the three tests for examining differences:
Chi-square
T-test
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
What test determines whether two variables are independent or relation; test can be used with nominal or ordinal data.
Chi-square test
One of the most common analyses conducted to test for significant differences between two samples is the ______ .
T-test
Is a parametric statistical technique conducted to examine differences among three or more groups
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
What is used for predicting outcomes
Regression
Is used to predict the value of one variable when the value of one or more other variables is known
Regression analysis
What are the statistics conducted for examining relationships
Pearson product- moment correlation
Factor analysis
What is the inferential analysis technique conducted to examine bivariate correlations in studies.
Pearson product-moment correlation
What is commonly used to examine the interrelationships among large numbers of items on a scale and disentangles those relationships to identify clusters of items that are most closely linked.
Factor analysis
