Chapter 8 Claryifying Quantitative Research Designs Flashcards
What are the concepts of quantitative research designs?
~Causality ~Multicasuality ~Probability ~Bias ~Prospective versus retrospective ~Control ~Manipulation
What concept defines the presence of multiple causes for an effect
Ex. Patients diagnosis, age, pre surgical condition, and complications after surgery are interrelated causes of the length of a patients hospital stay
Multicausality
What concept means things have causes, and causes lead to effects.
Ex. Examine the effect of an early ambulation program after surgery on the length of hospital stay
Causality
What concept addresses relative rather than absolute causality
Example: while assessing the affect of multiple variables on length of hospital stay, researchers may choose to examine the ________ of a given length of hospital stay under a variety of specific sets of circumstances.
Probability; probability
What concept has a slant/ deviation from the true or expected
Ex. includes attitudes or motivations of the researcher (conscious or unconscious), components of the environment in which the study is conducted, selection of the study participants, composition of the sample, groups formed, measurement methods, data collection process, and statistical analyses.
For example, some of the participants for the study might be taken from a unit of the hospital in which the patients are participating in another study involving quality nursing care or a nurse, selecting patients for a study, might include only those who showed an interest in the study.
Bias
____means looking forward (24 BP for several days charted in electronic data, patient is still hospitalized current) ;_____ means looking backward (previous studies, national electronic databases, health care agencies).
Both terms used to refer to the timing of data collection
Prospective; retrospective
What concept means having the power to direct or manipulate factors to achieve a desired outcome.
Ex. In a study of an early ambulation program, study participants may be randomly selected and then randomly assigned to the intervention or ______ group
Control; control
What concept is a form of control generally used in quasi-experimental and experimental studies. Independent (interventions) variable is usually the one controlled
Manipulation
: is a blueprint or detailed plan for conducting plan. Purpose, review of literature, and framework provide the basis for the design.
Research design
What are the four common quantitative designs :
Descriptive (describing) ,
correlational (relationship),
quasi-experimental,
experimental
called nonexperimental or noninterventional designs, focus on the description and examination of relationships among variables.
Descriptive and correlational designs
Interventions or treatments are implemented in ____________and ____________ studies to determine their effect on selected dependent variables. Interventions may be physiological, psychosocial, educational, or a combination of these.
Quasi-experimental ; experimental
Design may be used to develop theories, identify problems with current practices, make judgements about practices, identify different trends of illnesses, illness preventions, and health promotion in selected group,
Descriptive:
- Simple descriptive : used to examine variables in a single sample
- Comparative descriptive : used to describe variables and examine differences in variables in two or more groups that occur naturally in a setting
This is an example of which descriptive design ?
Simple
This is an example of which descriptive design?
Comparative
Examine relationships between or among two or more variables in a single study
Example- Researchers might conduct a cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study design, to examine the relationship of the BMI to lipid levels in early adolescent years ( ages 13-16) and late adolescency (ages 17-19 yo)
Correlational
Correlation designs consists of three different types:
(1) descriptive correlational, in which the researcher can seek to describe a relationship;
(2) predictive correlational, in which the researcher can predict relationships among variables; and
(3) model testing design, in which all the relationships proposed by a theory are tested simultaneously.
Definition-Facilitates the search for knowledge /examination of casuality in situations in which complete control is not possible
Example- groups may include study participants who choose to be in the intervention group and those who choose not to receive the intervention as the comparsion group
Quasi experimental
Quasi-experimental design conducted to examine the difference between the treatment group that receives an intervention and the comparison group that does not; provides poor control of threats to internal validity.
Posttest-only design with comparison group
Quasi-experimental design in which the intervention is applied to the experimental group following the pretest of both the experimental and comparison groups and a posttest after implementation of the intervention; evaluates the effect of the intervention that can be measured–basically, a pretest-posttestdesign without random assignment to the experimental and comparison groups.
Pretest-posttest design with comparison group
some relatively simple and others very complex, have been developed for studies focused on examining casuality.
Experimental
Experimental design with random assignment of participants to the intervention and control groups. Both groups receive pretest and, after the intervention, the posttest; measures effect of the intervention; often called the classic experimental design.
Pretest-posttest design with control group
Experimental design in which there is no preintervention measurement of the value of the dependent variable in the experimental or control groups.
Posttest-only control group design
design involves collecting data at different points in time (same participant) and might also be referred to a s a repeated measures.
Ex. A sample of woman with breast cancer could be monitored for depression before, during, and after their chemotherapy treatment.
Longitudinal design
Involves data collection on variables at one point in time (not same subject monitored over time)
Ex.design involves examining a group of subjects simultaneously in various stages of development, levels of education, severity of illness, or stages of recovery to describe change in a phenomenon across stage.
Ex. researchers might describe thedepression levels of three different groups of women with breast cancer who are prechemotherapy,receiving chemotherapy, or postchemotherapy treatment to understand depression levels based onthe phase of treatment.
Cross-sectional
Is the measure of the truth or accuracy of the findings obtained in a study
Study validity
Is the extent to which the effects detected in the study are a true reflection of a reality, rather than the result of extraneous variables.
Internal validity
Threats to the design of internal validity
Participant selection and assignment to group
Participant attrition
History
Maturation
is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study
External validity
Threat to the external validity design:
- Interaction of selection and intervention
- Interaction of setting and intervention
- Interaction of history and intervention
the group of participants who received the study intervention is referred to as the intervention or
Experimental group
the group that is not exposed to the intervention is referred to as the control
Comparison group
Is noted to be the strongest methodology for testing the effectiveness of an intervention because the elements of the design limit the potential for bias
Randomized controlled trail (RCT)
Critically appraising a design involves:
examining the study setting, sample, intervention, measurement of variables, and data collection procedures
The essential elements of experimental research are:
(1) the random assignment of participants to groups;
(2) the researcher’s manipulation of the independent variable; and
(3) the researcher’s control of the experimental situation and setting, including a control or comparison group.
