Reviews and class notes Flashcards
Form of Necrosis commonly seen in injuries of the CNS
Liquefactive necrosis
A form of Necrosis associated with TB?
Caseous Necrosis
Metaplasia
- Replacement of one cell type with another
Gas Gangrene
Necrosis caused by clostridium
Characteristics of Cancer Cells
- Poorly differentiated
- Metastasis
- Infiltrate growth mode
- Poor cellular cohesiveness
Telomeres
- Encode and repair proteins for damaged DNA
2. Cancer cells have a longer telomere cap at the ends of DNA which makes the CA cell immortal
Known Routes of metastasis include
- Lymphatic Spread
2. Blood stream dissemination
Sequence of Carcinogenesis
- Several Mutagenic Hits to the DNA
- Reactivation of telomerase
- Development of immortal cells
What is the #1 nursing priority with a patient that just came onto the floor after lung resection
- Maintain Airway patent
PUS in the inflammatory response
- If you see pus, the inflammatory process has already been going on for a while!
Inflammatory Response
-to toxins
- Inflammatory response DISSOLVES substances (toxins) and bacteria that come into the body from cellular injury
Mast Cells Can Degranulate by:
- A substance touching the mast cell
2. Chemical components talking to the mast cell
Mast Cell Degranulation
- Can ignite inflammatory process within minutes
Can compromise breathing if mast cells are in the lungs
Macrophage
- Engulf cellular debris
- Present foreign proteins or antigens to lymphocytes
- Found throughout the body
Cytokines
- Increase the bactericidal effects of macrophages
Neutrophils
- 1st white blood cell to arrive at site of tissue injury/infection
- If neutrophil count is elevated above other CBC count, it may be a sign of an infection that just started
- Live 24 hrs then turn into pus
Macrophages and Lymphocytes at the Site of Infection
- Elevated macrophages and lymphocytes are a sign of a chronic infection
Basophils
- Protect mucosal surfaces
2. Release cell mediators that promote inflammatory response (much like mast cells)
If Pt has infection…?
- There was a lack of recognition of the pathogen
2. There wasn’t a large enough Immune reaction
Histamine
- Released by Mast Cells
- Constriction of large blood vessels
- Dilation of post capillary venules
- Increasing vascular permeability
H1 Receptor Blockers
- Benadryl
H2 Receptor Blockers
Protonix
What are Vascular Effects R/T Inflammation
- Vasodilation
2. Increased vascular permeability
Cytokines & Chemokines
- Proteins that affect other cells
- May be pro or anti-inflammatory
- Bind to appropriate target cells
Bacterial Infection & Fever
- Usually bacterial infections cause HIGH FEVERS
Temperature and infection
- Bacterial Infection induces high fever
2. Viral infection induces low grade fever
Shivering and Temperature
- When a patient is shivering the Pt’s Temp is going up
TB is transmitted by?
- Inhalation of infected droplets
Anti-tuberculin medication for active TB. How long will treatment last?
6-9 months
TB is?
- Caused by aerobic bacillus
- May affect other organs (Myalary TB)
- Anti-bodies may be detected through skin test
What cells can clone themselves
- T & B Cells
Plasma Cells
-Another name
Plasma Cells
Safety precautions for TB PT
- HEPA N95 mask
2. Negative airflow room
Attenuated Vaccine
- Weakened live Virus to induce immune response
Don’t give live bacteria
Attenuated Virus
-Contraindication
- Weakened immune system
2. Children under the age of 2
MRSA
- Flesh eating bacteria
2. Treated with Vancomycin
