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Pathophysiology Test 1 > Biology of cancer & Tumor Spread: Chap 9: Class 2 > Flashcards

Biology of cancer & Tumor Spread: Chap 9: Class 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Cycline Dependent Kinases

A
  1. Control transitions between cell cycle
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1
Q

Cell cycle

A
  1. There are checkpoints that allow the transitions between the phases of the cell cycle.
  2. Proteins called CYCLINE DEPENDENT KINASES control the transitions
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2
Q

Cell Cycle

-Cancer Cells

A
  1. Cancer cells enter the cell cycle more frequently than normal cells
    - Commonly found in the SYNTHESIS & MITOSIS PHASE of the cell cycle
    - Cancer cells spend little time in the resting phase
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3
Q

Growth Factors

A
  1. Signals outside the cell that may ignite the cell cycle

- Activates transmembrane proteins called TYROSINE KINASES. This allows signal transduction for DNA replication

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4
Q

Genetic Mutations

A
  1. Mutations in cancer causing genes accumulate w/ age increasing risk
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5
Q

Benign Tumors

-Characteristics

A
  1. Grow Slowly
  2. Have a well-defined capsule
  3. Are not invasive
  4. Are well differentiated
  5. Have a low mitotic index
  6. Do not metastasize
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6
Q

Malignant Tumors

-Characteristics

A
  1. Grow rapidly
  2. Are not encapsulated
  3. Invade local structures and tissues
  4. Poorly differentiated
  5. Have a high mitotic index
  6. Can spread distantly
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7
Q

Anaplasia

A
  1. The lost ability of a cell to differentiate
    - resemble the original cell
  2. Cancer cells look like other cancer cells, not like the tissue from which they arose
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8
Q

Cancer Cells

-Characteristics

A
  1. Contact inhibition
  2. Anchorage independent
  3. Immortal
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9
Q

START ON POWERPOINT PG 6

-INTRACELLULAR CHANGES

A

=)

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10
Q

Carcinoma

A

Arise from:

  1. Epithelial & Squamous tissue
    - Conjunctiva
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11
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Arise from
1. Ductal or Glandular structures
Ex.
Papilla Vater

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12
Q

Lymphoma

A

Arise from
1. Lymphatic tissue
Ex
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

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13
Q

Leukemia

A

Arise from
1. Blood forming cells
Ex
B-Cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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14
Q

Sarcoma

A

Arise from Mesenchymal tissue

-Connective Tissue , muscles, bones

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15
Q

Abnormal Cells

-Grade 1

A
  1. Cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well differentiated
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16
Q

Abnormal Cells

-Grade 2

A
  1. Cells are more abnormal and moderately differentiated

2. Increasingly harder to tell the difference between normal/abnormal cells

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17
Q

Abnormal Cells

-Grade 3

A
  1. Cells are very abnormal; poorly differentiated
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18
Q

Abnormal Cells

-Grade 4

A
  1. Cells are Immature / undifferentiated
  2. Origin of cell is difficult to determine
  3. Whole part/organs need to be removed
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19
Q

Stage 0 cancer

A
  1. Cancer in Situ
  2. Early stage growths localized to the epithelium but have not penetrated the local basement membrane or invaded surrounding stroma
  3. Non-malignant
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20
Q

Carcinoma in Situ

A
  1. Early stage growths localized to the epithelium
  2. Have not penetrated local basement membrane
  3. Non malignant
  4. Found in:
    - Oral cavity, cervix, skin, esophagus, and bronchus
21
Q

Stage 1 Cancer

A
  1. Tumor is limited to the tissue of origin
  2. Localized tumor growth
  3. All cells are still on one area
22
Q

Stage 2 Cancer

A
  1. Limited local spread (further outgrowth)
23
Q

Stage 3 Cancer

A
  1. Extensive local and regional spread

2. Local lymph node involvement

24
Q

Stage 4 Cancer

A
  1. Metastasis

- Moving to a new location

25
Q

Tumor Markers

A
  1. Substances produced by both benign and malignant cells that are either present in or on tumor cells or found in blood, spinal fluid, or urine
26
Q

Tumor markers include:

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Enzymes
  3. Genes
  4. Antigens
  5. Antibodies
27
Q

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

A

Genetic Marker

-Secreted by LIVER and GERM CELL TUMORS

28
Q

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

A

Genetic Marker

-Secreted by prostate tumors into the blood

29
Q

Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA)

A

Genetic Marker
-Secreted by BREAST or LUNG.

further investigation is needed

30
Q

Tumor markers Help with…

A
  1. Screen and ID individuals w/ high risk for cancer
  2. Help Diagnose specific type of tumor
  3. Follow clinical course
    - Determine efficiency of treatment
31
Q

Viral Causes of Cancer

-Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

A
  1. Burkitt’s lymphoma
32
Q

Viral Causes of Cancer

-HIV

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

33
Q

Viral Causes of Cancer

-Hepatitis B

A
  1. Hepatocellular Carcinoma
34
Q

Viral Causes of Cancer

-HPV

A
  1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
35
Q

Inflammation and Cancer

A
  1. Inflammation turns on the switch of oncogenes

2. Overtime this can result in the wrong cells getting growth factors needed to grow and multiply

36
Q

Bacterial Causes of Cancer

-H. pylori

A
  1. Peptic ulcer disease
  2. Gastric lymphomas
  3. Gastric Carcinomas
37
Q

Chemotherapy

-Immediate effects

A
  1. Extravasation
  2. Hyperkalemia
  3. Hyperphosphatemia
  4. Hypocalcemia
  5. Renal impairment

W/in 24 hrs of treatment N/Emesis

38
Q

Cancer Risk Factors

A
  1. Tobacco
  2. Alcohol
  3. UV and Ionizing radiation
  4. Obesity
39
Q

Lung Carcinoma

-Preferred treatment

A
  1. For all types of EARLY-STAGE lung carcinoma, the preferred treatment is SURGICAL RESECTION
40
Q

Chemotherapy

-10-14 days after administration

A
  1. Blood count falls
  2. Mouth ulcers occurs
  3. Taste changes
  4. Diarrhea
41
Q

Chemotherapy

-Several months later

A
  1. Heart/ kidneys mostly affected
42
Q

Chemotherapy

-Late toxicities

A
  1. Infertility/ early menopause
43
Q

Radiotherapy

A
  1. Used to damage and/or kill cells in a SPECIFIED treatment area
  2. Commonly administered over a period of SIX WEEKS
  3. Can cause localized and systemic side effects
44
Q

Origin of Cancer may be?

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Chemical
  3. Environmental
  4. Viral or Immunologic
  5. May arise from causes not yet identified
45
Q

DNA and Cancer Development

A
  1. It is believed that at least 4 to 5 changes in the genes of DNA are needed over years for cancer to develop
46
Q

Cancer Cells and the Cell Cycle

A
  1. Cancer spends more time in the MITOTIC phase

- High mitotic index

47
Q

Angiogenesis

A
  1. Tumor can’t grow beyond 2-3 mm square w/out new blood supply
  2. Cancer cells produce angiogenic growth factors such as endothelial growth factors and basic fibroblast growth factors
  3. Provide mechanism of nutrition and escape from original site
48
Q

Metastasis

-What it needs to occur?

A
  1. In order for metastases to occur you need the right cells (seeds) and the right organ (soil) in which to grow
  2. Easier to go through lymphatic system then the blood system
49
Q

Chemotherapy Drugs Affect?

A
  1. All cells that are dividing at the time
    - Bone Marrow
    - Hair Follicles
    - Mucosal Cells
50
Q

Chemotherapy & Urine

A

80% of chemotherapy is unchanged in urine

Pathophysiology Test 1 (10 decks)

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