Class 1: Cell Adaptation: Focused Review

Question 0

Metaplasia

-Example

Answer 0

1. Best example of metaplasia is replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells
2. The new cells do not secrete mucous or have cilia, causing loss of vital protective mechanisms

Question 1

Pathologic Hyperplasia

Answer 1

Most common example is pathologic hyperplasia of the endometrium

Caused by an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone secretion. can cause excessive bleeding.

Question 2

Dysplasia

Answer 2

1. Atypical hyperplasia
2. Found in epithelial tissue of the cervix and respiratory tract
3. Found adjacent to cancerous cells

Question 3

Anoxia

Answer 3

total lack of oxygen

Question 4

Hypoxic injury Reaction

Answer 4

1. 3-5 minutes w/out 02 the myocardium ceases to contract because rapid decrease in mitochondrial phosphorylation causing insufficient ATP production
2. Lack of ATP leads to increased anaerobic metabolism
3. When glycogen stores are depleted, even anaerobic metabolism stops
4. Sodium potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange fail
5. Leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium & diffusion of potassium out of the cell
6. Sodium and water enter cell freely and cause swelling
7. W/ continued hypoxia, entire cell becomes swollen because of:
   - increased Na, H20, Cl, and decreased K

Question 5

Reperfusion injury

Answer 5

1. Results from generation of highly reactive oxygen intermediates (OH-), superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide.
2. These radicals can cause mitochondrial calcium overload
3. WBC’s (neutrophils) are especially affected w/ Reperfusion injury

Question 6

Neutrophils

Answer 6

white blood cells

Question 7

Disease-Producing potential of microorganism depends on ability to…

Answer 7

1. Invade and destroy cells
2. Produce toxins
3. Produce damaging hypersensitivity reactions

Question 8

Cellular Swelling

Answer 8

1. The most common degenerative change, is caused by the shift of extracellular water into the cells

Question 9

Oncosis

Answer 9

1. Cytoplasmic swelling / water degeneration

Question 10

Cellular Swelling

Answer 10

1. Considered reversible
2. Considered sublethal
3. Early manifestation of almost all types of cellular injury

Question 11

Fatty liver

Answer 11

1. Alcohol abuse is one of the most common causes of fatty liver
2. Most common site of intracellular lipid accumulation or fatty change, is LIVER cells

Question 12

Glycogen Accumulation

Answer 12

1. Most common cause of glycogen accumulation is the disorder of glucose metabolism, DIABETES MELLITUS

Question 13

Melanin

Answer 13

1. Accumulates in epithelial cells (Keratinocytes)

2. Melanin is derived from the amino acid tyrosine

Question 14

Jaundice

Answer 14

Occurs when bilirubin level exceeds 1.5-2 mg/dl