Cancer Epidemiology: Lung Cancer: Class 3 Flashcards
Lung Cancer
- Bronchogenic Carcinoma
NOT
1. sarcoma, lymphoma, blastoma, hematomas or mesothelioma
Epigenetic’s
- A change in the expression of the gene or phenotype that is heritable but does not involve DNA mutation
Lung Cancer & Death
- Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death
2. 5 Year survival rate is about 20%
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Accounts for 75-85% of all lung cancers
- Squamous Cell
- Adenocarcinoma
- Large Cell Carcinoma
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
-Squamous Cell
- 30% of lung cancer
- Slow Growth rate
- Commonly linked to a history of smoking
- Tends to be found centrally, near bronchus
- Atelactasis (collapsing lung) / pneumonia / hemoptysis (coughing blood)
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
-Adenocarcinoma
- 35-40%
- Moderate growth rate
- Asymptomatic manifestations
- pt may present w/ pleuritic chest pain and SOB - Usually found in the outer region of the lung
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
-Large Cell
- Almost as bad as small cell
- Rapid growth rate
- Cell has lost all evidence of differentiation
- Can appear in any part of the lung
Neuroendocrine Tumors
-Small Cell Carcinoma
- 20% / most common type of neuroendocrine lung tumors
- Very Rapid growth rate
- Spread rapidly
- Arise from bronchial mucosa
- MOST DEADLY OF THE CANCERS
- most likely to metastasize and goes to lymph and spreads all over (very early and widespread
Lung Cancer
-Clinical Manifestations
- Cough
- Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
- Airway obstruction
- Pleural effusion
- Chest wall pain
- Dyspnea
- Localized wheezing
Lung CA
-Diagnostic Tests
- Chest x-ray
- Sputum cytologic studies
- CT scan
- Bronchoscopy
- Biopsy
TNM Classification
- T - primary Tumor
- N - nodal involvement
- M - Extent of Metastisis
Reducing Risk of Lung Cancer
- Only way to reduce risk of lung cancer is the cessation of smoking
Nursing Consideration
-Lung Cancer
- Maintain and manage airway
Lung CA
-Diagnostic Tests
- Chest x-ray
- Sputum cytologic study
- CT scan
- Bronchoscopy
- Biopsy
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Squamous Cell
(Metastasis)
- Late
- mostly to hilar lymph nodes
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Squamous Cell
(Means of Dx)
- Biopsy
- Sputum analysis
- Bronchoscopy
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Squamous Cell
(Clinical Manifestations)
- Cough
- Hemoptysis
- Sputum production
- Airway obstruction
- Hypercalcemia
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Squamous Cell
(Treatment)
- Surgical resection
2. Chemo and radiation as adjunctive therapy
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Adenocarcinoma
(Metastasis)
- Early metastasis
- to lymph nodes
- pleura
- bone
- adrenal glands
- brain
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Adenocarcinoma
(Dx)
- Radiography
- fiberoptic bronchoscopy
- electron microscopy
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Adenocarcinoma
(Clinical Manifestations)
- Pleural effusion
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Adenocarcinoma
(Treatment)
- Surgical resection
2. Chemotherapy as adjunctive therapy
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Large Cell Carcinoma
(Metastasis)
- Rapid growth
- Early and Widespread metastasis
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Large Cell Carcinoma
(Dx)
- Sputum analysis
- Bronchoscopy
- electron microscopy
- by exclusion of other cell types
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Large Cell Carcinoma
(Clinical Manifestations)
- Chest Wall pain
- Pleural effusion
- Cough
- Sputum production
- Hemoptysis
- Airway obstruction resulting in pneumonia
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma
-Large Cell Carcinoma
(Treatment)
- Treated Surgically
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung
-Small Cell Carcinoma
(Metastasis)
- Very rapid Growth
- Very early metastasis to:
- mediastinum
- lymph nodes
- brain
- bone marrow
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung
-Small Cell Carcinoma
(Dx)
- Radiography
- Sputum analysis
- Bronchoscopy
- Electron microscopy
- Immunohistochemistry
Lung Cancer
-Starts in…
- Almost all lung cancer start in the EPITHELIUM of the cells
Lung Cancer & Tumor-Suppressor Gene
- The MOST COMMON genetic abnormality associated with lung CA is loss of the Tumor Suppressor Gene
Chemotherapy and Cancer TEST
- Chemotherapy does not eradicated all cancer cells
- Only kills the ones that are dividing
Helps eradicate MOST of the cancer cells that are dividing
-body takes care of the rest
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung
-Small Cell Carcinoma
(Clinical Manifestations)
- Cough
- Chest Pain
- Dyspnea
- Hemoptysis
- localized wheezing
- Airway obstruction
- S/S of excessive hormone secretion
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung
-Small Cell Carcinoma
(Treatment)
- Chemotherapy and ionizing radiation to thorax and CNS