Reviewer #9 Flashcards
A disorder characterized by a reduction of the total bone mass and a change in the bone structure which increases its susceptibility to fractures.
The bones become progressively porous, brittle and fragile, fracturing easily under normal stresses.
Osteoporosis
What are common causes of osteoporosis?
- Menopause
- Smoking
- Caffeine and alcohol consumption
- Genetics
- Aging
- Poor nutrition
These factors contribute to the reduction of bone mass and structural changes.
How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
- Routine X-Rays (showing 25-40% demineralization)
- DEXA test
- Bone density exams
- Other laboratory tests
These diagnostic tools help assess bone health.
What medical management is recommended for osteoporosis?
- Calcium and Vitamin D rich diet
- Weight bearing exercises
- Hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women
These interventions aim to improve bone density and reduce fracture risk.
A disorder of localized rapid bone turnover, most commonly affecting the skull, femur, tibia, pelvic bones, and vertebrae.
It leads to structurally weak bones and increased risk of pathologic fractures. is Paget’s disease?
Paget’s disease
What are the common symptoms of Paget’s disease?
- Pain
- Deformity seen in x-ray films
- Abnormally large head
- Bowing of the femur and tibia
These symptoms indicate structural changes in the bones.
An infection of the bone that may occur due to extension of a soft tissue infection, direct contamination, or hematogenous spread.
It primarily affects those with compromised immune systems or chronic illnesses.
Osteomyelitis
What are common symptoms of osteomyelitis?
- Fever
- Chills
- General body malaise
- Pain and tenderness in the infected area
These symptoms are indicative of an infection.
Herniation and protrusion of the nucleus pulposus in the spinal canal, often compressing nerve roots.
It usually occurs as a result of aging or trauma.
Herniated disk
What are the symptoms of a herniated disk in the lumbosacral area?
- Acute pain or paresthesias in the lower back
- Pain when rising an extended leg
- Weakness of the foot
These symptoms can vary depending on the affected area.
What treatment options are available for a herniated disk?
- Cervical collar or traction/back brace
- Local thermal application
- NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, and analgesics
- Surgical interventions like laminectomy or diskectomy
These treatments aim to relieve pain and restore function.
Commonly known as clubfoot, it is a congenital condition where the foot turns inward and downward.
It is identified during physical examination and may require casting and stretching.
Talipes Equinovarus
A malignant bone tumor that usually develops during adolescence.
It is the most common malignant bone tumor in youth.
Osteogenic sarcoma
What are the causes of arthritis?
- Breakdown of cartilage
- Joint inflammation
- Broken bone
- Infection
- Autoimmune disease
- General ‘wear and tear’ of joints
These factors contribute to joint inflammation and associated symptoms.
Tuberculous caries or osteitis of the spinal column.
It is associated with risk factors such as endemic TB and poor socioeconomic conditions.
Pott’s disease
What are common complications of spina bifida?
- Difficult delivery
- Frequent UTI
- Hydrocephalus
- Loss of bowel or bladder control
- Meningitis
- Permanent weakness or paralysis of the legs
These complications can significantly impact the quality of life.
What are the symptoms of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)?
- Positive Ortolani’s test
- Positive Barlow’s Test
- Duck waddle
- Asymmetry of skin folds
- Limited ROM in the affected hip
These symptoms help in identifying the condition in infants.
Lateral curvature of the spine that may occur in different spinal segments.
It can be functional or structural, with various causes.
Scoliosis
What are the assessment findings for scoliosis?
- Asymmetry of hip height
- Pelvic obliquity
- Inequalities of shoulder height
- Scapular prominence
- Rib prominence
These findings are indicative of scoliosis.
Is a birth defect in which the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth.
SPINA BIFIDA or Myelomeningocele
Inflammation of one or more joints which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement.
Arthritis
A condition in which the head of the femur is improperly seated in the acetabulum, or hip socket, of the pelvis.
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
DOC for osteoporosis
Alendronate (Fosamax)
Etiology: Autoimmune + Rh factor
Incidence: Women, 35-45 years old
Signs & Symptoms: Subcutaneous nodules, morning stiffness, swan neck deformity
Areas Affected: Joints of hands
Management: Aspirin, NSAIDs, Paraffin Bath
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Etiology: Degenerative, due to senescence (aging)
Incidence: Men or women
Signs & Symptoms: Heberden’s nodules, Bouchard’s nodes
Areas Affected: Weight-bearing joints
Management: Symptomatic treatment
Osteoarthritis
Etiology: Metabolic disorder or familial purine metabolism issues
Incidence: Men over 40
Signs & Symptoms: Tophi (uric acid crystal deposits)
Areas Affected: Great toe
Management: Colchicine, Allopurinol, Avoid purine-rich foods
Gouty Arthritis
